Fluid-solid separations

Most of the simulators contain several models for fluid-solid separation. These models can be used to manipulate the particle size distribution when solids are present. 

Among the unit operations, adsorption may be considered a prototype for all fluid-solid separation operations. When it is conducted under countercurrent conditions, the calculation methods required are entirely analogous to those for countercurrent absorption or extraction (H3). Often, however, it is most economical to conduct adsorption in a semi continuous arrangement, in which the solid phase is present as a fixed bed of granular particles. The fluid phase passes through the interstices of this bed at a constant flow rate and for an extended period of time. The concentration gradients in the fluid and solid phases display a transient or unsteady-state behavior, and their evolution depends upon the pertinent material balances, rates, and equilibria. 

The techniques of laboratory- and industrial-scale separations utilizing adsorption and ion exchange have been described comprehensively by Mantell (M3), Cassidy (C2), and Nachod (Nl). Treybal (T4) has recently provided a unified and modern chemical engineering approach to fluid-solid separation operations. The present article will treat the problems of data interpretation and apparatus design more extensively than the authors cited, and will give major emphasis to fixed-bed operations. 

Liquid—Liquid and Fluid-Solid Separation Processes... 

This part, on applications, covers the following unit operations 8. Evaporation 9. Drying of Process Materials 10. Stage and Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes (humidification, absorption) 11. Vapor-Liquid Separation Processes (distillation) 12. Liquid—Liquid and Fluid-Solid Separation Processes (adsorption, ion exchange, extraction, leaching, crystallization) 13. Membrane Separation Processes (dialysis, gas separation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration) 14. Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes (filtration, settling, centrifugal separation, mechanical size reduction). 

Reactive adsorption is a multifunctional process that results by integrating any chemical reaction with adsorption operation in a single unit. Reactive adsorption is favorable for those reactions in which the product of interest is in fluid phase and needs to be separated instantaneously. It is also advantageous to those fluid-solid separations, where the incorporation of reaction... 

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