Solid costs

High Solids Costings. High soHds coatings resemble the technology of solvent-free coatings but the compositions contain ca 70% by volume of soHd resin and are modified by reactive diluents, low viscosity multifunctional resins, or backbone stmctures other than the bisphenol A moiety. 

Calculated within the procedure Passed back to the calling procedure. (Pigment pinder ratio) Composite formula values (Solids, Cost) calculated from row data, concentration. 

REAL Density, Solids, Pigment solids. Cost, Pigment... 

Maintenance costs depend on whether processing fluids are solids on the one hand or gas and liquid on the other. Solids handling tends to increase maintenance costs. Highly corrosive process fluids increase maintenance costs. Average maintenance costs tend to be around 6 percent of the flxed capital investment. ... 

Injection of produced water is not a new idea, but the technique has met resistance due to concerns about reservoir impairment (solids or oil in the water may block the reservoir pores and reducing permeability). However, as a field produces at increasingly high water cuts, the potential savings through reduced treatment costs compared with the consequences of impairment become more attractive. 

The simplest approach to understanding the reduced melting point in nanocrystals relies on a simple thennodynamic model which considers the volume and surface as separate components. Wliether solid or melted, a nanocrystal surface contains atoms which are not bound to interior atoms. This raises the net free energy of the system because of the positive surface free energy, but the energetic cost of the surface is higher for a solid cluster than for a liquid cluster. Thus the free-energy difference between the two phases of a nanocrystal becomes smaller as the cluster size... 

Small quantities of solids may be spread upon unglazed porcelain plates. The chief disadvantage of this method is the comparatively high cost of the porous plates, since they cannot be conveniently cleaned nor can the same area be used for different substances. However, a plate may be broken and used for small amounts of material. 

Recovery of the wopropyl alcohol. It is not usually economical to recover the isopropyl alcohol because of its lo v cost. However, if the alcohol is to be recovered, great care must be exercised particularly if it has been allowed to stand for several days peroxides are readily formed in the impure acetone - isopropyl alcohol mixtures. Test first for peroxides by adding 0-6 ml. of the isopropyl alcohol to 1 ml. of 10 per cent, potassium iodide solution acidified with 0-6 ml. of dilute (1 5) hydrochloric acid and mixed with a few drops of starch solution if a blue (or blue-black) coloration appears in one minute, the test is positive. One convenient method of removing the peroxides is to reflux each one litre of recovered isopropyl alcohol with 10-15 g. of solid stannous chloride for half an hour. Test for peroxides with a portion of the cooled solution if iodine is liberated, add further 5 g. portions of stannous chloride followed by refluxing for half-hour periods until the test is negative. Then add about 200 g. of quicklime, reflux for 4 hours, and distil (Fig. II, 47, 2) discard the first portion of the distillate until the test for acetone is negative (Crotyl Alcohol, Note 1). Peroxides generally redevelop in tliis purified isopropyl alcohol in several days. 

Krypton clathrates have been prepared with hydroquinone and phenol. 85Kr has found recent application in chemical analysis. By imbedding the isotope in various solids, kryptonates are formed. The activity of these kryptonates is sensitive to chemical reactions at the surface. Estimates of the concentration of reactants are therefore made possible. Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography. Uses thus far have been limited because of its high cost. Krypton gas presently costs about 30/1. 

R. A. McKay,M Study of Selected Parameters in S olid Propellant Processing,]et Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, Calif., Aug. 1986 J. L. Brown and co-workers. Manufacturing Technologyfor SolidPropellantIngredients/Preparation Reclamation, Morton Thiokol, Inc., Brigham City, Utah, Apt. 1985 W. P. Sampson, Eow Cost Continuous Processing of Solid Rocket Propellant, Al-TR-90-008, Astronautics Laboiatoiy/TSTR, Edwards AEB, Oct. 1990. 

Washing of Solids. Washing is a process designed to replace the mother liquor in the solids stream with a wash Hquid. The growing importance of this process is due to demands for increased purity of the products combined with the increasingly poorer raw materials available. Washing often may represent a dominant portion of the installation cost because it is usually multistaged and often countercurrent. 

Ice Crea.m, Ice cream is a frozen food dessert prepared from a mixture of dairy iugredients (16—35%), sweeteners (13—20%), stabilizers, emulsifiers, flavoriug, and fmits and nuts (qv). Ice cream has 10—20% milk fat and 8—15% nonfat solids with 38.3% (36—43%) total soHds. These iugredients can be varied, but the dairy ingredient soHds must total 20%. The dairy iugredients are milk or cream, and milk fat suppHed by milk, cream butter, or butter oil, as well as SNF suppHed by condensed whole or nonfat milk or dry milk. The quantities of these products are specified by standards. The milk fat provides the characteristic texture and body iu ice cream. Sweeteners are a blend of cane or beet sugar and com symp soHds. The quantity of these vary depending on the sweetness desired and the cost. 

Solids. Increasing use of bulk cars, especially of covered hopper cars, has accompanied the expansion of the tank-car fleet. The principal drawback of bulk cars is the requirement for limited use, specialized cars, which necessitates a large investment. However, if such investment can be justified, the cost of transportation for dry bulk materials ia hopper cars usually is less than those for goods ia shipping containers. In many instances, such cars are used in closed-loop service that is, they shuttle in unit trains between filling and discharge points. Similar equipment is also used in specialized highway vehicles whose tmck bodies can incorporate dump hoppers and built-in conveyors. 

Impervious graphite heat exchangers machined from solid blocks are also available (15,16). The solid block constmction is less susceptible to damage by mechanical shock, such as steam and water hammer, than are shell and tube exchangers. Block exchangers are limited in size and cost from 50—100% more than shell and tube units on an equivalent area basis. 

Details (solids-fluid, grass-roots plant) Factor assumed Cost, Percentage of total... 

Ejectors are easy to operate and require little maintenance. Installation costs are low. Since they have no moving parts, they have long life, sustained efficiency, and low maintenance cost. Ejectors are suitable for haudhug practically any type of gas or vapor. They are also suitable for haudliug wet or di y mixtures or gases containing sticky or solid matter such as chaff or dust. 

A solid longitudinal baffle is provided to form a two-pass shell (Fig. 11-35F). It may be insulated to improve thermal efficiency. (See further discussion on baffles). A two-pass shell can improve thermal effectiveness at a cost lower than for two shells in series. 

Clad Tube Sheets Usually tube sheets and other exchanger parts are of a solid metal. Clad or bimetallic tube sheets are usecito reduce costs or because no single metal is satisfactory for the corrosive conditions. The alloy material (e.g., stainless steel, Monel) is generally bonded or clad to a carbon steel backing material. In fixed-tube-sheet construction a copper-alloy-clad tube sheet can be welded to a steel shell, while most copper-alloy tube sheets cannot be welded to steel in a manner acceptable to ASME Code authorities. 

The jacketed solid-flight type (Fig. 11-60 ) is the standard low-cost (parts-basis-priced) material-handling device, with a simple jacket added and employed for secondary-range heat transfer of an incidental nature. Heat-transfer coefficients are as low as 11 to 34 W/ (m °C) [2 to 6 Btii/(h fU °F)] on sensible heat transfer and 11 to 68 W/(m °C) [2 to 12 Btii/(h fU °F)] on diying because of substantial static solids-side film. 

Another deep-bed spiral-activated solids-transport device is shown by Fig. ll-60e. The flights cany a heat-transfer medium as well as the jacket. A unique feature of this device which is purported to increase heat-transfer capability in a given equipment space and cost is the dense-phase fluidization of the deep bed that promotes agitation and moisture removal on drying operations. 

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