Soils, discriminating

Chaperlin, K. (1981). Lead content and soil discrimination in forensic science. Forensic Sci. Int. 18, 79-84. 

Hiraoka, Y. (1994). A Possible approach to soil discrimination using x-ray fluorescence analysis. /. Forensic Sci. 39, 1381-1392. 

Marumo, Y. and Yanai, H. (1986). Morphological analysis of opal phytoliths for soil discrimination in forensic-science investigation. J. Forensic Sci. 31,1039-1049. 

Table I summarizes some typical distribution coefficients. Sediments become enriched in plutonium with respect to water, usually with a factor of vlO5. Also living organisms enrich plutonium from natural waters, but usually less than sediments a factor of 103 - 101 is common. This indicates that the Kd-value for sediment (and soil) is probably governed by surface sorption phenomena. From the simplest organisms (plankton and plants) to man there is clear evidence of metabolic discrimination against transfer of plutonium. In general, the higher the species is on the trophic level, the smaller is the Kd-value. One may deduce from the Table that the concentration of plutonium accumulated in man in equilibrium with the environment, will not exceed the concentration of plutonium in the ground water, independent of the mode of ingestion.

Masle, J. Farquhar, G.D. (1988). Effects of soil strength on the relation of water use efficiency and growth to carbon isotope discrimination in wheat seedlings. Plant Physiology, 6,147-55. 

We conclude that recent advances in the use of tracers, albeit C or C, offer a solution to some of the technological difficulties in quantifying and separating microbial from root respiration. Combinations of these tracers may even overcome the last of the problems in discriminating between all three sources of COt released from soil. 

C. D. Campbell, S. J. Grayston, and D. J. Hurst, Use of rhizosphere carbon sources in sole carbon source tests to discriminate soil microbial communities, J. Microh. Methods 50 33 (1997). 

Sexually differentiated responses to female-soiled bedding occur within the regions of the AOB only the rostral zone was -activated in males as opposed to that of females the caudal zone cells had no such differential activation VN-x removed the response (Dudley and Moss, 1999 Matsuoka et al., 1999). The number of Fos-ii cells was larger after exposure to females of ICR stain, than to BALB females. Male strain-differences gave equivalent amounts of rostral/caudal activity in females. It is probable that discrimination by females of between-strain chemosignals is related to the fine distinctions possible through the operation of cues related to influence of products from the MHC loci. 

Flotation. In many cases, contaminants adsorbed on the surface of clay particles, or contaminants occurring in soil as discriminate particles, have different surface properties to clean soil particles. By adding special chemical substances, the formation of a hydrophobic surface on the contaminated particles is possible. Pulp aeration results in the attachment of hydrophobic contaminated particles to the surface of the small bubbles that are formed. In this way, selective flotation of these particles is achieved. Contrary to the gravimetric separation methods, flotation offers the possibility to separate contaminated and noncontaminated particles of the same grain size and density but with different surface properties. 

One important question is that of the order in which the basic mechanisms of evolution processes, leading eventually to the emergence of life, occurred. As far as the development of the genetic code is concerned, it is not clear whether the code evolved prior to the aminoacylation process, i.e., whether aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases evolved before or after the code. A tRNA species which is aminoacy-lated by two different synthetases was studied if this tRNA had important identity elements such as the discriminator base and the three anticodon bases for the two synthetases, this would be evidence that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases had developed after the genetic code. Dieter Soil s group, which is experienced in working with this family of enzymes, came to the conclusion that the universal genetic code must have developed before the evolution of the aminoacylation system (Hohn et al, 2006). 

Agren GI, Bosatta E, Balesdent J (1996) Isotope discrimination during decomposition of organic matter a theoretical analysis. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60 1121-1126 Balesdent J (1987) The turnover of soil organic fractions estimated by radiocarbon dating. Sci Total Environ 62 405-408... 

Preliminary research has shown that Brillouin fiber-optic sensing systems provide a possible method to detect leaks and third-party intrusion on a pipeline over distances of 25 km or more. Their intrinsic response to both temperature and mechanical strain allows for the separation of these parameters and the detection of anomalies in the scan profiles. In addition, the same sensor could be integrated into the pipeline system to detect possible ground movement relative to fixed reference points. Limited test results on surface loads associated with the intrusion of vehicles and people on a pipeline have demonstrated the sensitivity of the system and its ability to discriminate loads at different soil depths. 

Zinc concentrations in forest plants vary considerably. In oaks (Quercus spp.), for example, some species are accumulators, whereas others may be termed discriminators. For individual species, zinc concentrations tend to follow the pattern of roots > foliage > branch > trunk (Van Hook et al. 1980). Small lateral roots accumulate Zn to much greater levels than other vegetation components and are probably most sensitive to changes in zinc inputs. Half-time persistence of zinc in forest ecosystems varies from about 3 years in organic matter components to >200 years for large soil pools (Van Hook et al. 1980). 

The main conclusion of this study is that hydrocarbon-based surface geochemical methods can discriminate between productive and non-productive oil and gas reservoir areas. Variables in surface soils that best distinguish productive and non-productive areas are ethane and n-butane and heavy (C24+) aromatic hydrocarbons. Heavy metals (U, Mo, Cd, Hg, Pb) are possibly indirect indicators of hydrocarbon microseepage, but they are more difficult to link with the reservoirs. 

Ekblad A, Nyberg G, Hogberg P (2002) 13C-discrimination during microbial respiration of added C3-, C4- and 13C-labelled sugars to a C3-forest soil. Oecologia 131 245-249... 

Yu and Bayne [58] differentiated different aroclors in soil using linear discrimination and analyses by electron capture negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. 

In natural waters and soil and sediment systems one needs to distinguish analytically between dissolved and particulate material. Fig. 7.1 classifies various types of particulate and dissolved materials. Obviously, operational distinguishing (e.g., based on filtration or centrifugation) between "dissolved" and "particulate" matter merely by filtration is often not able to discriminate between particles and solutes, because size distribution of aquatic components vary in a continuous matter from Angstroms to microns. 

The deduced average input 5 Ca is not identical to the average volcanic rock value, but is lower by about 0.4%o (Fig. 14). This suggests that weathering may discriminate between calcium isotopes. This inference is supported by the few available data on soils (Fig. 14 Skulan and DePaolo 1999 Skulan 1999 Schmitt et al. 2003b). The soils generally have 5 Ca values that are higher than the volcanic rocks. Data to allow direct comparison of soils to parent rock material are not available. 

Blackmer AM, Bremner JM (1977) Nitrogen isotope discrimination in denitrification of nitrate in soils. Soil Biol Biochem 9 73-77... 

Pallanch L, Pak M, Schuhnan LH (1995) tRNA discrimination in aminoacylation. In Soil D, RajBhandary U (eds) tRNA structiue, biosynthesis, and function. ASM Press, Washington, DC, chap 18... 

The XY deposit location was clearly discriminated using Pb and Zn from the high background values in lower B horizon soils, but not in upper B horizon soils. This finding contrasts the many protocols that emphasize the upper B horizon as the most appropriate for soil sampling. 

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