RECENT TECHNOLOGY

Cationic polymerization of coal-tar fractions has been commercially achieved through the use of strong protic acids, as well as various Lewis acids. Sulfuric acid was the first polymerization catalyst (11). More recent technology has focused on the Friedel-Crafts polymerization of coal fractions to yield resins with higher softening points and better color. Typical Lewis acid catalysts used in these processes are aluminum chloride, boron trifluoride, and various boron trifluoride complexes (12). Cmde feedstocks typically contain 25—75% reactive components and may be refined prior to polymerization (eg, acid or alkali treatment) to remove sulfur and other undesired components. Table 1 illustrates the typical components found in coal-tar fractions and their corresponding properties. 

Olefin Amination (Method 6). The most recent technology for the production of lower alkylamines is olefin amination (14). This is 2eohte-cataly2ed reaction of ammonia with an olefin, eg, isobutylene, and is practiced in a packed-bed reactor system in the vapor phase. 

So, Sulfolane and Carom, ca 1997, are two current rival processes. Sulfolane has a slight advantage over Carom ia energy consumption, while Carom has 6—8% less capital for the same capacity Sulfolane unit. In 1995, Exxon (37) commercialized the most recent technology for aromatics recovery when it used copolymer hoUow-fiber membrane ia concentration-driven processes, pervaporation and perstraction, for aromatic—paraffin separation. Once the non aromatic paraffins and cycloparaffins are removed, fractionation to separate the C to C aromatics is relatively simple. 

Recent technological advances have greatly influenced protein crystallography... 

K. Tsuji, R. van Grieken and J. Injuk (eds), X-Ray Spectrometry. Recent Technological Advances, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester (2004). 

Much progress has been achieved in LEDs since the 1980s. They have become much more efficient and are now the point light sources of choice. Recent technological progresses in the color conversion by suitable phosphors has brought solid-state lighting nearer to reality.229... 

This chapter provides an overview of the tools that have been developed and optimized specifically for the production of pharmaceuticals in alfalfa, with the emphasis on recent technological breakthroughs. The ability of alfalfa leaves to produce complex recombinant proteins of pharmaceutical interest is discussed and illustrated with recent data obtained in our laboratories. Data are presented concerning the production and characterization of alfalfa-derived C5-1, a diagnostic anti-human... 

Along with these recent technologies, sol-gel entrapped catalysts made of organically modified silicates (ORMOSIL) doped with one or... 

Wilkins CL. Recent technological advances improve prospects for the widespread acceptance of GC/IR/MS instrumentation. Anal. Chem. 1987 59 571A-581A. 

Recent technological developments for the assay of neutrophil functions have enabled many properties of these cells to be measured in unfractionated blood. Several important features have been observed ... 

Most of the above studies have been made possible because of the high density of nAChRs in the Torpedo electroplax membrane. However, with recent technological developments, it may be hoped that similar approaches will prove useful when applied to receptors of much lower abundance. 

Figure 1 Juxtaposes the energy fields of these three potential product definitions with that of conventional primary battery technology. The data on the energy densities for the battery product definitions were adopted from a recent technology review. The expected energy performance figures for biofuel cells...

For the above-described reasons, molecular spectroscopic techniques have become the most common choices for pharmaceutical analysis in addition to chromatography. The latter, however, are being gradually superseded by the former in some industrial pharmaceutical processes. Recent technological advances have led to the development of more reliable and robust equipment. The ubiquity of computers has enabled the implementation of highly powerful chemometric methods. All this has brought about radical, widespread changes in the way pharmaceutical analyses are conducted. 

When evaluating a facility, a review of the existing fire/gas detection system is recommended. Due to recent technology developments, the performance of fire/gas detection systems has significantly improved over the last few years. 

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