Sodium sulfamate

Nickel sulfamate also can be prepared by the action of sodium sulfamate on nickel carbonate ... 

Fielman KT, Targett NM (1995) Variation of 2,3,4-Tribromopyrrole and its Sodium Sulfamate Salt in the Hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 116 125... 

To find the conditions in which the electroless deposition of gold at Ni-P surfaces with an acceptable appearance and adhesion would be possible, the activation of Ni-P substrates with 10% HC1 solution or a mixture of 0.1 M NH4F and sodium sulfamate was investigated. The results showed that only low phosphorus alloys (P content less than 5 wt%) pretreated with ammonium fluoride/sodium sulfamate mixture can be used for a successful electroless gold plating from cyanide solution and hydrazine as a reducing agent.31... 

The feasibility of isolating relatively stable salts of difluorosulfamic acid and their utility in performing difluoraminations of model ketones was demonstrated by Chapman et al. [130,131], offering the prospect of alleviating many of the problems inherent in the use of hazardous difluoramine (HNF2) in conventional difluoraminations. Sodium difluorosulfamate was prepared by direct fluorination of aqueous sodium sulfamate it could be isolated by separation from sodium fluoride by-product and water after neutralization and it could be safely stored cold. Difluoramination of 1,3-dibromoacetone by sodium difluorosulfamate in sulfuric acid (1% SO3) produced l,3-dibromo-2,2-bis(difluoramino)propane in 38% crude yield, comparable to conventional difluoramination. Later, Christe and coworkers [132] better characterized sodium difluorosulfamate (Raman and IR spectra) and other difluorosulfamate salts (X-ray crystallography). 

Many organic sulfamic acids are sweet, consequently a wide range of alkyl, alicyclic and aromatic derivatives has been synthesized in the search for new nonnutritive sweeteners. One of the best synthetic routes to sulfamic acids involved treatment of the appropriate primary amine 140 (three equivalents) with chlorosulfonic acid (one equivalent) in an inert organic solvent such as chloroform, followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide to yield the corresponding sodium sulfamate 141 and the amine for recovery and recycling (Equation 57). ""... 

Nitric acid may be precipitated by nitron [2218-94-2] (4,5-dihydro-l,4-diphenyl-3,5-phenylimino-l,2,4-triazole). The yellow precipitate maybe seen at dilutions as low as 1 60,000 at 25°C or 1 80,000 at 0°C. To prevent nitrous acid from interfering with the test results, it may be removed by treating the solution with hydrazine sulfate, sodium azide, or sulfamic acid. 

Before a 1/1 /70 FDA ban (rescission proposed in early 1990), cyclamate noncaloric sweeteners were the major derivatives driving cycloliexylamine production. The cyclohexylsulfamic acid sodium salt (39) [139-05-9J and mote thermally stable calcium cyclohexylsulfamic acid (40) [139-06-1] salts were prepared from high purity cyclohexylamine by, among other routes, a reaction cycle with sulfamic acid. 

Certain metal iodides, eg, sodium, potassium, cesium, or mbidium, react with sulfamic acid to form the corresponding alkah metal triodides (17) ... 

An exception exists to the monobasic nature of sulfamic acid when it dissolves ia Hquid ammonia. Sodium, potassium, etc. add both to the amido and sulfonic portions of the molecule to give salts, such as NaSO NHNa. 

Sodium sulfate and sulfamic acid form the complex 6 HSO2NH2 5 Na2S04 15 H2O. Phosphoms pentachloride reacts with sulfamic acid to form the foUowiag complex (18) ... 

The assay determination of sulfamic acid is made by titration of an accurately prepared sulfamic acid solution using sodium nitrite solution and an external potassium iodide starch-paste indicator. It is based on the reaction... 

For crystal sulfamic acid assay, a simplified procedure of neutralization titration with sodium hydroxide solution may be used. At the end point, Bromothymol Blue (BTB) indicator changes color from yellow to yellowish green. A 1-mL solution of l/2NNaOH is equivalent to 0.0485 g of sulfamic acid. 

Sulfation andSulfamation. Sulfamic acid can be regarded as an ammonia—SO. complex and has been used thus commercially, always in anhydrous systems. Sulfation of mono-, ie, primary and secondary, alcohols polyhydric alcohols unsaturated alcohols phenols and phenolethylene oxide condensation products has been performed with sulfamic acid (see Sulfonation and sulfation). The best-known appHcation of sulfamic acid for sulfamation is the preparation of sodium cyclohexylsulfamate [139-05-9] which is a synthetic sweetener (see Sweeteners). 

Sulfamation is the formation (245) of a nitrogen sulfur(VI) bond by the reaction of an amine and sulfur trioxide, or one of the many adduct forms of SO. Heating an amine with sulfamic acid is an alternative method. A practical example of sulfamation is the artificial sweetener sodium cyclohexylsulfamate [139-05-9] produced from the reaction of cyclohexylamine and sulfur trioxide (246,247) (see Sweeteners). Sulfamic acid is prepared from urea and oleum (248). Whereas sulfamation is not gready used commercially, sulfamic acid has various appHcations (see SuLFAMiC ACID AND SULFAMATES) (249—253). 

A method suitable for analysis of sulfur dioxide in ambient air and sensitive to 0.003—5 ppm involves aspirating a measured air sample through a solution of potassium or sodium tetrachloromercurate, with the resultant formation of a dichlorosulfitomercurate. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) disodium salt is added to this solution to complex heavy metals which can interfere by oxidation of the sulfur dioxide. The sample is also treated with 0.6 wt % sulfamic acid to destroy any nitrite anions. Then the sample is treated with formaldehyde and specially purified acid-bleached rosaniline containing phosphoric acid to control pH. This reacts with the dichlorosulfitomercurate to form an intensely colored rosaniline—methanesulfonic acid. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 1.6 0.1 with phosphoric acid, and the absorbance is read spectrophotometricaHy at 548 nm (273). 

In the presence of a large excess of acid, sulfones such as diphenyl sulfone [127-63-9] (C H )2S02, can be formed (see Sulfolanes and sulfones). Sulfamation forms a —C—N—S— bond as in sodium cyclohexylsulfamate [139-03-9], C H NHSO Na, (see Sulfamic acid and sulfamates). Reviews of chlorosulfuric acid reactions are available (21,22). 

Both Watts and sulfamate baths are used for engineering appHcation. The principal difference in the deposits is in the much lower internal stress obtained, without additives, from the sulfamate solution. Tensile stress can be reduced through zero to a high compressive stress with the addition of proprietary sulfur-bearing organic chemicals which may also contain saccharin or the sodium salt of naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid. These materials can be very effective in small amounts, and difficult to remove if overadded, eg, about 100 mg/L of saccharin reduced stress of a Watts bath from 240 MPa (34,800 psi) tensile to about 10 MPa (1450 psi) compressive. Internal stress value vary with many factors (22,71) and numbers should only be compared when derived under the same conditions. 

Palladium and Palladium Alloys. Palladium is used in telephone equipment and in electronics appHcations as a substitute for gold in specific areas. Palladium is plated from ammoniacal and acid baths available along with chelated variations as proprietary processes. One typical alkaline bath uses 8 g/L diammine-dinitropalladium, 100 g/L ammonium nitrate, and 10 g/L sodium nitrite. The pH is adjusted to 9—10 using ammonium hydroxide, and the bath is operated at 100 A/m at 50° C. If ammonium sulfamate, 100 g/L, is used in some baths to replace the nitrate and sodium nitrite salts, the bath is mn at lower temperature, 25—35°C, and a pH of 7.5—8.5. A palladium—nickel alloy, 75% Pd, is plated from a bath having 6 g/L palladium from the same salt, 3 g/L nickel from nickel sulfamate concentrate, and 90 g/L ammonium hydroxide. The bath is operated at 20—40°C with 50-100 A/m/... 

Phethenylate sodium Ammonium chloride Cyclofenil Methionine Ammonium sulfate Aminobenzoic acid Fibrinolysin Ammonium sulfamate Cyclamate calcium Ammonium thiocyanate Acetazolamide Clonidine HCl Tolonidine nitrate 2oxazo lamina d-Amphetamine Tanphetamin Ampicillin Mezlocillin Talampicillin... 

Nitroaniline (13.8 g., 0.10 mole) (Note 2) is dissolved in a hot solution of 75 ml. of 96% sulfuric acid, 100 ml. of phosphoric acid (density 1.7), and 50 ml. of water in a 1-1. beaker. A stirrer and a thermometer are introduced into the mixture, and the beaker is immersed in an ice bath. A solution of 8.3 g. (0.12 mole) of sodium nitrite in 25 ml. of water is added dropwise to the well-stirred solution at such a rate that the temperature is maintained at 10-15°. Excess nitrite is destroyed by adding sulfamic acid in small portions (Note 3). The mixture is cooled to —10° in an ice-salt bath, and about 50 ml. of liquid sulfur dioxide... 

Sulfamic acid (HOS02NH2). Clean at only 120 °F (49 °C) for cast iron and up to 140 °F for marstenitic SS (60 °C). It is not suitable for galvanizing or aluminum over 150 °F, but it is suitable for copper, brass, and SS. Sulfamic acid tends to be used only in small systems because of its relatively high cost. It is a ciystalline solid and so is easily transported. Additionally, in the diy form it is relatively safe and has a negligible effect on skin. Typically, it is used at 10% strength, and when 5% sodium chloride is added, it is reasonably successful at dissolving ferric oxide. 

Buffers are necessary to adjust and maintain the pH. Buffering agents can be salts of a weak acid and a weak base. Examples are ammonium, potassium, sodium carbonates (caustic soda), bicarbonates, and hydrogen phosphates [1345]. Weak acids such as formic acid, fumaric acid, and sulfamic acid also are recommended. Common aqueous buffer ingredients are shown in Table 17-8. 

The practical route for oxidizing leuco diphenylmethanes 15 demands inital conversion to an imine salt 16. The imine salt is obtained by heating a mixture of diphenylmethane, sulfur, ammonium chloride, and sodium chloride at 175°C in a current of ammonia or by heating a mixture of diphenylmethane, urea, sulfamic acid, sulfur, and ammonia at 175°C (Scheme 3). Dyes 16 can be represented as the quinonoid resonance structure 17. Dyes of this class, known as auramines, are all yellow, with the only commercial representative being auramine O 16a. Due to its poor lightfastness and instability to hot acids and bases, its use has been restricted to dyeing and printing cotton, paper, silk, leather, and jute. 

Chromate conversion coatings for aluminum are carried out in acidic solutions. These solutions usually contain one chromium salt, such as sodium chromate or chromic acid and a strong oxidizing agent such as hydrofluoric acid or nitric acid. The final film usually contains both products and reactants and water of hydration. Chromate films are formed by the chemical reaction of hexavalent chromium with a metal surface in the presence of accelerators such as cyanides, acetates, formates, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, phosphates, and sulfamates. 

---