Cotton printing

Some historians have speculated that Perkin discovered his synthetic dye after spilling some of the solution on his worktable and sopping it up with a silk cloth. But an accident like that hardly seems necessary. Perkin and a young friend who was interested in art had already discovered one chemical with the properties of a dye. Moreover, the textile industry was the biggest employer of chemists, and the most scientifically advanced chemical industries involved dyes and cotton printing. 

Used industrially for dehairing hides, wool pulling, ore flotation, metal refining, engraving, cotton printing, in the manufacture of paper, pharmaceuticals, rubber, and sulfur dyes. It is used in production of heavy water for nuclear reactors. 

Uses.—Ammonium chloride is used in pharmacy in certain galvanic batteries and in the preparation of ammonia and ammonium salts. It is used in the manufacture of colours in cotton printing in tin plating in galvanizing and in soldering. 

For the present purpose anionic dyes are classified as those containing sulfonic acid groups or those capable of solubilization in alkali, such as vat dyes. Such dyes are usually applied to fibres with hydrophilic character such as cotton, which is still the most important single fibre from a point of view of world usage, nylon and wool. Azoic dyes and direct dyes, although economically important, will not be discussed. Pigments, which are sometimes used in cotton printing, are treated separately. 

New Orleans study (13) Cotton print-cloth, bleached Direct Oct.-April 6 mo 29... 

Figure 2. Strength of cotton print cloth after immersion in sulfuric acid for 30 min at room temperature as a function of acid concentration...

Figure 4. Strength of cotton print clothes thermally degraded by heating at 168°C for various times. The strength of fabrics degraded by hydrolyzing 16 hr in 40% sulfuric acid at room temperature and by high-voltage electron irradiation at doses of 50 and 100 Mrad are also indicated.

Figure 5. Reflectance as a function of wavelength of undegraded contemporary cotton print cloth before and after Turnbulls Blue test for...

Figure 9. Relationship between relative concentrations of carboxyl groups as measured by Turnbull9s Blue test and the tensile strength of degraded cotton print cloth...

Figure 1. The tensile strength of degraded cotton print cloth (50-Mrad dose) after application of various acrylic resins (A1-A4) and grafted monomers (M1-M4) U = untreated fabric, PE = polyethylene, AD — air dried. See text for identification of resins and monomers.

Cotton Print Cloth Degraded by Electron Irradiation... 

Substrates. The fabric substrates consisted of a standard 80 X 80 count (nominal) 3.5 oz/yd2 cotton print cloth, machine washed in a 0.1% solution of Triton X-100 this fabric exposed to 50-, 100-, or 150-Mrad doses of high energy electrons as described in Part I of this series (2) or this fabric degraded by hydrolysis in 5N HC1 at room temperature for 5.5 h. These degraded model fabrics were selected because their properties were sufficiently similar to those of archeological samples and because they could be prepared readily in large quantities. 

Applications of Monomers to Cotton Print Cloth Strength ... 

Table III. Add-on and Strength of Cotton Print Cloth Degraded by Exposure to 100 Mr ad of Ionizing Radiation and Treated with Cotton Fibrils and Resins...

Technical Observations. Malachite green is still used in large quantities for coloring tin-weighted silk, wool, and paper. Pure compound shades are obtained inexpensively by using it in mixture with other dyes, but the tints are of only moderate fastness. The dye is also used in silk and cotton printing, but does not fulfill the modern demands for fastness properties so its use in these fields is declining. 

One part of gallamine blue is heated to 50° C. on a water bath with 6 parts of sodium bisulfite solution (25 per cent SO2) until the evolution of sulfur dioxide ceases (about 1 hour). The mixture is then heated for 1 to 3 days at 85° until the mixture has become gray green. The resulting product is the sulfonic acid of the leuco compound (perhaps complex sulfonate) which, with chromium acetate, gives brilliant and fast marine blue shades on wool. It can also be used in cotton printing, but is not as important for this use as the related dye, modern violet. 

Samples and duplicate samples of unbleached desized cotton print cloth (400 V test fabrics), 80 X 80 count, 3.5 oz/yd2, and yarn size of 40 singles in warp and weft, were randomly selected after conditioning to 55% rh in a desiccator over potassium dichromate solution. The samples were placed inside the pharmacy bottles along the flat sides so that each bottle contained one sample and one duplicate. When the samples were placed side by side along the flat side of the bottle chambers, they filled the entire flat-sided area. Dark chambers were achieved by wrapping the bottles in aluminum foil to exclude light. 

Fabric. The fabric used in this work was a plain weave, 80 X 80 cotton print cloth weighing about 100 g/m2 (Testfabrics, No. 400). The fabric was twice laundered and dried according to the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Method No. 124-1978. 

Use Pharmaceuticals, rustproofing, cotton printing, plasticizer, analytical reagent in determination of phosphate in fertilizer. 

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