Sodium polystyrene using

It is critically important to recognize that the treatments of hyperkalemia discussed thus far are transient, temporizing measures. They are intended to provide time to institute definitive therapy aimed at removing excess potassium from the body. Agents that increase potassium excretion from the body include sodium polystyrene sulfonate, loop diuretics, and hemodialysis or hemofiltration (used only in patients with renal failure). Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate , various manufacturers) can be given orally, via NG tube, or as a rectal retention enema and is dosed at 15 to 60 grams in four divided doses per day. 

Stabilizing agents are used to maintain drilling fluid rheological properties at highly elevated downhole temperatures. Chromium and chromium-free lignosulfonates, polyglycol ethers, sodium polystyrene sulfonate-co-maleic anhydride), and a melanin polymer have been used in this application. Additives such as sodium diethyldi-thiocarbamate have been used to stabilize aqueous polysaccharides such as xanthan gum (18). 

Sodium phosphate(s), 28 831-834, 29 18 carbon dioxide by-product of manufacture, 4 810 economic aspects of, 28 860 uses for, 28 833-834 Sodium polybutadiene, 9 555, 556 Sodium polymetaphosphate, 8 416 Sodium polyphosphates, 9 16 manufacture of, 28 858 Sodium polyphosphate glass, 28 851 Sodium polystyrene sulfonate cosmetic surfactant, 7 835t Sodium polysulfide(s), 23 640 in sodium production, 22 773 Sodium-potassium eutectic, 15 252... 

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate) [Potassium Removing Resin] Uses Rx of T K Action NaVK" ion-exchange resin Dose Adults. 15-60 g PO or 30-60 g PR q6h based on serum Peds. 1 g/kg/dose PO or PR q6h based on serum (given w/ agent, eg, sorbitol, to promote movement through the bowel) Caution [C, M] Contra T Na" Disp Powder, susp SE T Na", -i Na retention, GI upset, fecal impaction Interactions T Risk of systemic alkalosis W/ Ca- or Mg-containing antacids EMS Monitor ECG for h5 pokalemia (flattened T waves) OD Not systemically absorbed but may cause h5 pokalemia and the associated effects (muscle weakness, confusion) and bowel obstruction s5rmpto-matic and supportive... 

On the other hand, Ishizu et al. [58] reported the synthesis of cyclic polystyrene using interfacial condensation reaction of a/o-dibromopolyslyrcnc prepared from living polystyrene initiated with sodium naphthalene and terminated with 1,4-dibromobutane and then tetramethylenediamine as depicted in Fig. 11. The reaction was carried out in organic solvent/water to yield in more than 90%. The effect of solvent on the yield of cycUc polymer was observed, and the yield of cyclic product obtained in DMSO was higher than that in toluene. Since DMSO dissolves in both water and toluene, the reaction proceeded faster than that in toluene. 

Polysalts polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride and sodium polystyrene sulfonate were used. The ion-exchange plums used were De-Acidite G (1-10 pm) and Zeo-Karb 226 (5-10 pm)... 

Following reports of colonic necrosis, the Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau of Japan has revised the product information for enemas of polystyrene sulfonate cation exchange resin suspension in sorbitol solution for potassium removal (31). Although a causal relation has not been established definitively, the Bureau has decided that sorbitol solution should not be used for enemas of sodium polystyrene sulfonate cation exchange resins. 

Polystyrene sulfonic acid has been used as sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate has been used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with renal insufficiency and as an adjuvant during hemodialysis. It can be given orally or rectally in all age groups (1). It has also been added to feeding formulae and nutritional supplements to reduce their potassium contents and so prevent hyperkalemia however, the reduction in potassium content was more than balanced by a concomitant increase in sodium content, presumably because of exchange of the sodium with calcium and magnesium (2,3). The uses and adverse effects of sodium polystyrene sulfonate have been reviewed (4,5). 

In five infants of extremely low birth weights, who were given either sodium polystyrene sulfonate or calcium polystyrene sulfonate orally for hyperkalemia, masses were palpable in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and visible radiographically as opaque masses in the stomach (15). At autopsy, the palpable mass was identified as a solid chalk-like concretion and X-ray diffraction showed that the material was Brushite. The authors suggested that oral exchange resins should not be used in critically HI, extremely low birth-weight infants. 

It has been suggested that sodium polystyrene sulfonate might be useful in treating iron overdose, since it binds iron in vitro with high affinity (32). However, in a placebo-controlled crossover study in six healthy adults... 

Meyer I. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate a cation exchange resin used in treating hyperkalemia. ANNA J... 

Osawa A, Okoshi M, Higuchi J, Yamayoshi W. [Treatment of hyperkalemia m renal insufficiency with cation exchange resin. Experience with use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate.] Hmyokika Kiyo 1969 15(9) 645-51. 

Milley JR, Jung AL. Hematochezia associated with the use of hypertonic sodium polystyrene sulfonate enemas in premature infants. J Perinatol 1995 15(2) 139-42. 

Linakis JG, Savitt DL, Lockhart GR, Trainor B, Lacouture PG, Lewander WJ. In vitro binding of lithium using the cation exchange resin sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Am J Emerg Med 1995 13(6) 669-70. 

Roberge RJ, Martin TG, Schneider SM. Use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate in a lithium overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1993 22(12) 1911-5. 

Results reported from our studies were mainly obtained using the following components. Polyanions commercial standards (Polymer Standard Service, Mainz, Germany) of sodium polystyrene sulfonate) (NaPSS-xt, where x denotes the molecular weight in kDalton)) and poly(methacrylate)... 

The sodium polystyrene sulfonate, average molecular weight approximately 50,000 and 500,000 (Versa-Tl-50 and 500, respectively), was kindly donated by the National Starch and Chemical Corporation. It was prepared for use as described in an earlier paper (7). The standard NaOH was Fisher Certified Reagent. 

By using the previously discussed kinetic approach, that yields Kdiss from the dependence of kp on l/[Na+], Bohm and Schulz3005 determined and k- for sodium polystyrene in THP. As expected, the Kdiss is much lower in THP, 10 10 M, than in THF, but the values of are similar in both systems. The value of the dissociation constant of NaBPh4 in THP, needed for the calculation, was found to be 2.2 10 6 M2795. 

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a potassium-removing resin, which exchanges sodium ions for potassium in large intestine. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate, a cation exchange resin removing potassium (15 g p.o. daily), is used in hyperkalemia. 

The SEC columns were calibrated using narrow molecular weight distribution water soluble polymer standards sodium polystyrene sulfonate, NaPSS (Pressure Chemical Company, Pittsburgh, PA) and dextrans (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Piscataway, NJ). The universal calibration curve proposed by Grubisic et al. (13) was found not to be applicable for these polymer standards. The alternative calibration procedure of Coll and Prusinowski (J ) which incorporates excluded volume effects in the numerical value of the Flory parameter was found to be applicable for this system ( ). The calibration curve for the two-column network system described above is shown in Figure 3. The Kyyy parameter used on the abscissa of Figure 3 is a normalized elution volume parameter defined by Equation 1,... 

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