Sodium persulfate, and

Materials. Styrene and butadiene monomers were polymerization grade, available from Dow Chemical Company. Acrylic acid was a technical grade monomer from Dow Badische. The polymeriza-tion surfactant was sodium dodecyldiphenyl oxide sulfonate available from Dow. The polymerization initiator was sodium persulfate, and bromoform and carbon tetrachloride the chain transfer agents. 

The oxidative decarboxylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids is best achieved by treatment of the acid with LTA in benzene, in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper(II) acetate. The latter serves to trap the radical intermediate and so bring about elimination, possibly through a six-membered transition state. Primary carboxylic acids lead to terminal alkenes, indicating that carbocations are probably not involved. The reaction has been reviewed. The synthesis of an optically pure derivative of L-vinylglycine from L-aspartic acid (equation 14) is illustrative. The same transformation has also been effected with sodium persulfate and catalytic quantities of silver nitrate and copper(II) sulfate, and with the combination of iodosylbenzene diacetate and copper(II) acetate. ... 

Free-radical reactions. Silver nitrate, sodium persulfate, and iron(III) nitrate constitute an oxidizing system that degrades carboxylic acids to radicals. Adding these reactive intermediates to radical acceptors such as methyl vinyl ketone, acrylic esters, and acrylonitrile initiates synthetically useful processes. Monoamides of oxalic acid undergo oxidative degradation by (NH )2SjOg in the presence of AgNOj-Cu(OAc)2 to afford isocyanates in a biphasic system (11 examples, 45-87%). ... 

Copolymers containing allyl methacrylate have found application as an additive to other resin to enhance the properties of the system. For example, in one patent disclosure, an aqueous emulsion polymer was formed in water using 0.03 gm of sodium carbonate, 50 gm of methyl methacrylate, 2.0 gm of ethyl acrylate, and 0.1 gm of allyl methacrylate, and 0.40 gm of the sodium salt of an allyl Ci3-alkyl ester of sulfosuccinic acid. The polymerization was initiated with sodium persulfate and heated at 83°C for 1 hr. To this latex, 40 gm of butyl acrylate, 10 gm of styrene, 1.0 gm of allyl methacrylate, and another 0.40 gm of the above surfactant were added while polymerization continued. In a third... 

In the improvement of DNPDOH (2,2-dinitro-1,3-propanediol) [66], used sodium nitrite was reduced from 4 times to the equal amount, the amounts of sodium persulfate and potassium ferricyanide were adjusted, which reduced the impact of carbon emission pollution on the environment, and the cost of synthesis was reduced. The synthesis yield was 68 % after improvement, and lower than the production cost is much lower than that of silver nitration method. Major improvement in electrochemical synthesis of DNPOH is that In the first step, sodium hydroxide solution was added to an aqueous solution of 2-nitropropanol after 45 min of stirring at room temperature, lithium perchlorate solution and sodium nitrite solution were added to prepare the deprotonated 2-nitropropanol solution in the second step, deprotonated 2-nitro-propanol solution is added into the working electrode chamber and the reference electrode chamber of the electrolytic cell, and electrolytic reaction is continued for about 1 h under nitrogen for 20 min. Finally DNPOH will be obtained with a yield of about 40 %. The reaction mechanism is ... 

In 1899, Baeyer and Villiger found that menthone la and tetrahydrocarvone lb could be oxidized to the corresponding lactones fScheme 2.1) in a mixture of sodium persulfate and concentrated sulfuric acid (Caro s acid). The persulfiiric acid was subsequendy replaced by an organic peracid. Later, the transformation of ketones into esters and cyclic ketones into lactones or hydroxy acids by peroxy acids became known as the Baeyer-Mlliger (BV) oxidation/rearrangement. Besides ketones and cyclic ketones, aldehydes and a-diketones can also be oxidized, providing esters and anhydrides, respectively fScheme 2.21. 

Sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (NaAMPS) monomer was polymerized with a variety of hychophobic alkylacrylate and alkylacrylamide monomers. The reactions were performed as solution polymerizations in methanol using the redox radical initiator of sodium persulfate and sodium metabisulfite. 

With suitable safety precautions, in a stirred, high pressure autoclave, with provisions of introducing a number of separate streams, are placed 3840 gm of distilled water, 160 gm of the seed latex described above, and 1200 gm of vinyl chloride. (The pH of this dispersion is 1.9.) With stirring, this dispersion is heated to 60°C and maintained at this temperature. The autoclave is then charged with ethylene until the pressure reaches 1200 psi (8.3 MPa). While this ethylene pressure is maintained, 200 gm of a 3% aqueous solution of sodium persulfate is charged to the autoclave. Then, simultaneously and continuously, three streams are added to the apparatus over a 13 hr period. These consist of (1) 4800 gm of vinyl chloride monomer, (2) 900 gm of a 3% aqueous solution of sodium persulfate, and (3) 1200 gm of a 10 7o aqueous solution of acrylic acid. 

The water-soluble initiator commonly used is potassium or sodium persulfate, and the usual recipe for emulsion polymerization is 200 parts by weight of water, 100 parts by weight of the monomer, and 2-5 parts by weight of a suitable emulsifier [1,2]. The monomer should be neither totally soluble nor totally insoluble in the water medium and must form a separate phase. The emulsifier is necessary to ensme that the monomer is dispersed uniformly as in a true emulsion [3-8]. The polymer that is formed from emulsion polymerization is in the form of small particles having an average diameter around 5 pm. The particles form a stable emulsion in water. Their separation can be effected only through the... 

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