Sodium nickel chloride secondary

SAFT Socidte des Accumulateurs, Fixes et de Trac-lion, 156 Avenue de Metz, 93230 Romainville Secondary batteries, nickel-hydrogen, cuprous chloride, nickel-cadmium, lithium-manganese dioxide thermal cells, nickel-metal hydride secondary, sodium-nickel chloride secondary. See also SAFT (UK) and SAFT (US). (Chloride Alkad is now part of SAFT). 

Union Carbide Corporation Consumer Products, 270 Park Avenue. New York 10017, New York Secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, silver-oxide, sodium-nickel chloride secondary. 

The last type of nickel based battery here considered is the so-called sodium-nickel chloride or Zebra battery, firstly developed in 80s in Pretoria, South Africa (Zebra stands for ZEolite Battery Research Africa). The anode is made of liquid sodium, the electrolyte is based on sodium ion conducting -alumina and the cathode is constituted by nickel chloride. This is flooded with liquid NaAlCU which acts as a secondary electrolyte, i.e., its function is to enhance the transport of sodium ions from the solid nickel chloride to and from the alumina electrolyte [19]. They work at high temperature (157°C is the temperature necessary to have sodium in its molten state, but the better performance is obtained in the range 250-350°C) and operate with the following discharge semi- reactions at the anode ... 

Sudworth JL, Galloway RC (2009) Secondary batteries - high temperature systems - sodium-nickel chloride. In Jiirgen Garche, et al. Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources. Amsterdam, The Nederland Elsevier BV, p 312... 

To transport people and material growing transportation systems are needed. More and more of the energy for these systems is drawn from secondary batteries. The reason for this trend is economic, but there is also an environmental need for a future chance for electric traction. The actual development of electrochemical storage systems with components like sodium-sulfur, sodium-nickel chloride, nickel-metal hydride, zinc-bromine, zinc-air, and others, mainly intended for electric road vehicles, make the classical lead-acid traction batteries look old-fashioned and outdated. Lead-acid, this more than 150-year-old system, is currently the reliable and economic power source for electric traction. 

Finally, some limited attention has been given to appUeations other than electric vehicles. A number of years ago, development of sodium/nickel-chloride cells for aerospace applications was undertaken and, more recently, the use of this technology for powering submarines was evaluated. - The aerospace cells are essentially electric-vehicle cells with an optimized positive electrode and wicks for the sodium, and the secondary electrolyte that ensure operation in micro-g space environments. 

The prime electrochemical difference between the two sodium-beta technologies is the sodium/metal-chloride positive electrode. This component contains a molten secondary electrolyte (NaAlClJ and an insoluble and electrochemically active metal-chloride phase (Fig. 40.1b). The secondary electrolyte is needed to conduct sodium ions from the primary /3"-AI2O3 electrolyte to the solid metal-chloride electrode. Cells using positive electrodes with two transition metal-chlorides, nickel and iron, have been developed. These specific metals were selected based on their insolubility in the molten NaAlCl4 secondary electrolyte. - During discharge, the solid metal-chloride is converted to the parent metal and sodium chloride crystals. The overall cell reactions for these two chemistries are as follows ... 

Halide exchange, sometimes call the Finkelstein reaction, is an equilibrium process, but it is often possible to shift the equilibrium." The reaction is most often applied to the preparation of iodides and fluorides. Iodides can be prepared from chlorides or bromides by taking advantage of the fact that sodium iodide, but not the bromide or chloride, is soluble in acetone. When an alkyl chloride or bromide is treated with a solution of sodium iodide in acetone, the equilibrium is shifted by the precipitation of sodium chloride or bromide. Since the mechanism is Sn2, the reaction is much more successful for primary halides than for secondary or tertiary halides sodium iodide in acetone can be used as a test for primary bromides or chlorides. Tertiary chlorides can be converted to iodides by treatment with excess Nal in CS2, with ZnCl2 as catalyst. " Vinylic bromides give vinylic iodides with retention of configuration when treated with KI and a nickel bromide-zinc catalyst," or with KI and Cul in hot HMPA." ... 

Alkyl bromides and especially alkyl iodides are reduced faster than chlorides. Catalytic hydrogenation was accomplished in good yields using Raney nickel in the presence of potassium hydroxide [63] Procedure 5, p. 205). More frequently, bromides and iodides are reduced by hydrides [505] and complex hydrides in good to excellent yields [501, 504]. Most powerful are lithium triethylborohydride and lithium aluminum hydride [506]. Sodium borohydride reacts much more slowly. Since the complex hydrides are believed to react by an S 2 mechanism [505, 511], it is not surprising that secondary bromides and iodides react more slowly than the primary ones [506]. The reagent prepared from trimethoxylithium aluminum deuteride and cuprous iodide... 

Titanium(II) reagents have also been used to reduce aliphatic nitro compounds to amines halo, cyano and ester groups are not reduced. Sodium borohydride, in the presence of catalytic amounts of nickel(II) chloride, reduces a variety of aliphatic nitro compounds to amines. Nickel boride (Ni2B) is an active catalyst for reductions of primary, secondary and tertiary nitro aliphatic compounds to amines. The reduction of nitrocyclohexane (45) yields cyclohexylamine (47) as well as small amounts of dicyclohexylamine (49), the latter being formed via reaction of intermediates (46) and (48 equation 28). 

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