Fish larvae

Grossly elevated concentrations of dissolved copper produce teratogenicity in fish embryos. A significant number of malformed fish larvae came from eggs treated with 500 pg Cu/L (Birge and Black 1979). In studies with laboratory animals and elevated concentrations of copper salts, copper penetrates the placental barrier into the fetus intramuscular injection of 4 mg Cu/kg BW early in pregnancy adversely affects fetal central nervous system development (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). In humans, no definitive data are available on whether copper can cause birth defects however, incubation of human spermatozoa with metallic copper results in loss of sperm motility (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). 

Two-photon fluorescence microscopy has also been used with good effect in the near-IR. For example, Ferguson et al.r24> at the University of Strathclyde have used 270 fsec pulses from a titanium sapphire (Ti sapphire) laser at 790 nm to observe visible fluorescence from dyes in zebra fish larvae and erythrocytes. The high depth and lateral definition afforded by the two-photon process and confocal microscopy are useful here. Also, the use of near-IR excitation minimizes photobleaching. 

Leynen, M., Duvivier, L., Girboux, P., and Ollevier, F. Toxicity of ozone to fish larvae and Daphnla magna, Ecotoxlcol Environ. Sat., 41(2) 176-179, 1998. 

It is difficult, if not impossible, to assess what these laboratory results signify in terms of the impact of paralytic shellfish toxins and Gonyaulax blooms on natural populations of marine fish larvae. The laboratory results show that at least some fish larvae are sensitive to the toxins. Thus, it is suspected that paralytic shellfish toxins play a role as one of the many factors which control the size of fish populations. 

When all assessments are complete, euthanize larvae by immersion in a 0.3 mg/mL solution of Tricaine (15). An alternative method of euthanasia for fish larvae of 4-7 dpf is immersion in a 1.2% sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution (16). Leave the larvae in euthanasia agent for at least 10 min. 

In addition to the damage acid rain causes to structures, acid rain also affects natural environments. Significant loss of spruce forests due to the burning of spruce needles by acid rain has occurred in Scandinavia. Acid rain also extracts a heavy toll on aquatic systems and associated organisms. Most adult fish cannot tolerate pHs much lower than 5.0, and even the most tolerant species will not survive below a pH of 4.0. Fish larvae are even more susceptible to low pH levels. Insects and their larvae also perish when pH approaches 4.0 in aquatic systems. Numerous lakes in upstate New... 

Fedoseeva, O.N. and Ovcharkina, M.G. (1993). The analysis of some methods of calculation of the diel ration for fish larvae (In Russian). Gydmbiologicheskii Zhumal 29(2), 25-30. 

Ferron, A. and Legget, W.C. (1994). An appraisal of condition measures for marine fish larvae. Advances in Marine Biology 30,217-304. 

Turetsky, V.I. (1983). Study of the rates of substance and energy metabolism in fish larvae reared in warm waters (In Russian). Izvestiya Gosudarstvennogo Nauchno-issledovatelskogo Institute Ozemogo i Rechnogo Rybnogo 194,61-69. 

Ongoing studies indicate that the current UV levels can have a significant effect on fish larvae survival rates. ... 

Oxidizing agents TBA assessment of the acute toxicity of ozone, an alternative to chlorination to control biofouling in cooling water systems of power plants, to fish larvae of three species and to D. magna. F,F,F,I (Leynen et al., 1998)... 

Gosselin, S., Fortier, L., and Gagne, J. A., Vulnerability of marine fish larvae to the toxic dinoflagellate Protogonyaulax tamarensis, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 57, 1, 1989. 

Sweatman, H., Field evidence that settling coral reef fish larvae detect resident fishes using dissolved chemical cues, J. Exp. Mar. Bol. Ecol., 14, 163, 1988. 

The development of the M. leidyi population in the Black Sea ecosystem led to a decrease in the biomass, abundance, and species diversity of edible zooplankton, fish larvae, and eggs, which are the principal food objects of M. leidyi (Figs. 3, 4) [38-41]. 

Aanesen et al. 1998 measured a light dependent negative effect of P. pouchetii on fish larvae. To... 

Nakamura Y., Yamamoto H., Sekizawa J., Kondo T., Hirai N., Tatarazako N. (2008) The effects of pH on fluoxetine in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) acute toxicity in fish larvae and bioaccumulation in juvenile fish. Chemosphere 70 865-873. 

Lema, S. C., Schultz, I. R., Scholz, N. L., Incardona, J. R, Swanson, R. (2007) Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2, 4,4 -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (RBDE 47). Aquat. Toxicol, 82 296-307. 

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