Formulas balancing

More about formulae Balancing chemical equations... 

Chemical Formulas Balancing Chemical Equations Mole Ratios... 

Rewrite the following word equation using chemical formulas. Balance the equation and write the balanced equation in net ionic form ... 

Nutritional supplementation with meal replacement formulas (balanced protein, fat, and CHO) used to increase the protein intake of elderly subjects has failed to increase Nps.332 334However, Volpi et using a balanced mixture of AAs administered... 

Stoichiometry comprises quantitative relationships based on atomic and molecular masses, chemical formulas, balanced chemical equations, and related matters. The stoichiometry of chemical reactions makes use of conversion... 

Were we can give these equations for the heat transfer process along radius R. The other processes of heat transfer can be simulated analogously by changing formula for heat transfer area and distances between centers of cells. For Dirichlet cells, bordering a gas medium, an equation of heat balance can be written in the form ... 

During Stages II and III the average concentration of radicals within the particle determines the rate of polymerization. To solve for n, the fate of a given radical was balanced across the possible adsorption, desorption, and termination events. Initially a solution was provided for three physically limiting cases. Subsequentiy, n was solved for expHcitiy without limitation using a generating function to solve the Smith-Ewart recursion formula (29). This analysis for the case of very slow rates of radical desorption was improved on (30), and later radical readsorption was accounted for and the Smith-Ewart recursion formula solved via the method of continuous fractions (31). 

Basic Components. The principal components in emulsion polymerization are deionized water, monomer, initiator, emulsifier, buffer, and chain-transfer agent. A typical formula consists of 20—60% monomer, 2—10 wt % emulsifier on monomer, 0.1—1.0 wt % initiator on monomer, 0.1—1.0 wt % chain-transfer agent on monomer, various small amounts of buffers and bacteria control agents, and the balance deionized water. 

Emulsifiers. Removing the remover is just as important as removing the finish. For water rinse removers, a detergent that is compatible with the remover formula must be selected. Many organic solvents used in removers are not water soluble, so emulsifiers are often added (see Emulsions). Anionic types such as alkyl aryl sulfonates or tolyl fatty acid salts are used. In other appHcations, nonionic surfactants are preferred and hydrophilic—lipophilic balance is an important consideration. 

Cementite, the term for iron carbide in steel, is the form in which carbon appears in steels. It has the formula Fe C, and thus consists of 6.67 wt % carbon and the balance iron. Cementite is very hard and britde. As the hardest constituent of plain carbon steel, it scratches glass and feldspar, but not quart2. It exhibits about two-thirds the induction of pure iron in a strong magnetic field, but has a much lower Curie temperature. 

If the CH balance given by the CH multiplicities differs from the number of H atoms in the molecular formula, then the additional H atoms are bonded to heteroatoms. The C NMR spectra in Fig. 2.5 show, for example, for isopinocampheol (2), Cio// 0, a quaternary C atom (C), four CH units (C4//4), two CH2 units C2H4) and three CH3 groups (C3//5). In the C//balance, Cvfln, one H is missing when compared with the molecular formula, Cio// 0 to conclude, the compound contains one OH group. 

The three H atoms present in the molecular formula C30//52O4 but missing from the CH balance C30//49 (Table 51.1) belong to three hydroxy groups. 

A common process task involves heating a slurry by pumping it through a well-stirred tank. It is useful to know the temperature profile of the slurry in the agitated vessel. This information can be used to optimize the heat transfer process by performing simple sensitivity studies with the formulas presented below. Defining the inlet temperature of the slurry as T, and the temperature of the outer surface of the steam coil as U then by a macroscopic mass and energy balance for the system, a simplified calculation method is developed. 

Several components of the organic phase contribute greatly to the character of the final product. The pore size of the gel is chiefly determined by the amount and type of the nonsolvent used. Dodecane, dodecanol, isoamyl alcohol, and odorless paint thinner have all been used successfully as nonsolvents for the polymerization of a GPC/SEC gel. Surfactants are also very important because they balance the surface tension and interfacial tension of the monomer droplets. They allow the initiator molecules to diffuse in and out of the droplets. For this reason a small amount of surfactant is crucial. Normally the amount of surfactant in the formula should be from 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent of the monomers, as large amounts tend to emulsify and produce particles less than 1 yam in size. 

When a particle falls under the influence of gravity it will accelerate until the frictional drag in the fluid balances the gravitational forces. At this point it will continue to fall at constant velocity. This is the terminal velocity or free-settling velocity. The general formulae for any shape particle are [13] ... 

Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations, which identify reactants and products. Formulas of reactants appear on the left side of the equation those of products are written on the right In a balanced chemical equation, there are the same number of atoms of a given element on both sides. The same situation holds for a chemical reaction that you carry out in the laboratory atoms are conserved. For that reason, any calculation involving a reaction must be based on the balanced equation for that reaction. 

To illustrate how a relatively simple equation can be written and balanced, consider a reaction used to launch astronauts into space (Figure 3.4). The reactants are two liquids, hydrazine and dinitrogen tetraoxide, whose molecular formulas are N2H4 and N204, respectively. The products of the reaction are gaseous nitrogen, N2, and water vapor. To write a balanced equation for this reaction, proceed as follows ... 

Equations are balanced by adjusting coefficients in front of formulas, never by changing subscripts within formulas. On paper, the equation discussed above could have been balanced by writing N6 on the right, but that would have been absurd. Elemental nitrogen exists as diatomic molecules, N2 there is no such thing as an N6 molecule. 

Frequently, when you are asked to balance an equation, the formulas of products and reactants are given. Sometimes, though, you will have to derive the formulas, given only the names (Example 3.8). 

Strategy To translate names into formulas, recall the discussion in Section 2.6, Chapter 2. The physical states are given or implied. To balance the equation, you could start with either sodium or hydrogen. 

Strategy Follow the procedure of Example 4.3 to decide whether a precipitate will form. If it does, write its formula, followed by (s), on the right side of the equation. On the left (reactant) side, write the formulas of the ions (aq) required to produce the precipitate. Finally, balance the equation. 

Expression (a) does not yet conserve atoms. We must find numerical coefficients to place before each formula so that there are the same number of atoms of each element on the left side of the equation as there are on the right. The process of finding these coefficients is called balancing the equation. For simple reactions, it is an easy and logical process. 

An elemental material balance approach to growth stoichiometry requires an empirical formula for dry weight material ... 

About 95% of Escherichia coli is C, H, O and N. The chemical formula for cell composition and the stoichiometric coefficients in (9.2.1) depend on media composition and the environment surrounding die cell.2,4 All die major elements in die above equation have to be balanced. Then die stoichiometric coefficients are identified by solving simultaneously the system of equations ... 

To anticipate some of the results to be presented later, it is instructive to compute the equilibrium compn ofPETN at 1600°K. PETN is nearly oxygen-balanced and as will be shown later its Tfr- 1600°K. The empirical formula for PETN is CgHs On. Let X be the number of moles of C03 at equilibrium, and C, H, O the original gram atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen respectively. Then from mass balance and Raoult s law... 

Materials employed include distearoylethylenediamide (dis-tearoylethylenediamine, ethylene bistearamide), which provide a hydrophilic and hydrophobic balance by virtue of the separation of two polar radicals. Distearoylethylenediamide has the formula... 

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