Sodium history

The commercial product is a powder containing a minimum of 96% Na202 and approximately 20% active oxygen. It is made commercially by oxidizing the molten metal with either oxygen or air enriched in oxygen. Early industrial history (1) and manufacturing details (3) are available. Sodium... 

Phenolic resins were the first totally synthetic plastics invented. They were commercialized by 1910 [I]. Their history begins before the development of the structural theory of chemistry and even before Kekule had his famous dreams of snakes biting their tails. It commences with Gerhardt s 1853 observations of insoluble resin formation while dehydrating sodium salicylate [2]. These were followed by similar reports on the behavior of salicylic acid derivatives under a variety of reaction conditions by Schroder et al. (1869), Baeyer (1872), Velden (1877), Doebner (1896 and 1898), Speyer (1897) and Baekeland (1909-1912) [3-17]. Many of these early reports appear to involve the formation of phenolic polyesters rather than the phenol-aldehyde resins that we think of today. For... 

Vanadate, dioxybis(oxamato)-bond-length ratios, 1,57 Vanadate, heptacyano-potassium salt structure, I, 72 Vanadate, hexafluoro-dipotassium salt history, I, 21 potassium salt history, 1,21 tripotassium salt history, 1,21 Vanadate, pentachloro-stereochemistry, 1,40 Vanadate, pentafluorooxy-stereochemistry, I, 50 Vanadates biochemistry, 3,456 calcium/magnesium ATPase inhibition, 6, 567 competition with phosphates physiology, 6,665 protonation, 3,1026 sodium pump, 6, 557 in uranium purification from ore, 6, 899 Vanadates, hexafluoro-, 3. 482,531 Vanadates, oxoperoxo-, 3,501 Vanadates, pentacarbonyl-, 3, 457 Vanadium biology, 6,665 determination, 1. 548 extraction... 

Salt has been a precious commodity throughout most of human history. Rome s armies were paid in salt, which Mral is the origin of the word salary. Salt is a seasoning, an essential nutrient, and a very important preservative. Table salt is sodium chloride combined with iodine sources (for nutrition), stabilizers for the iodine, and anticaking compounds to prevent it from absorbing water from the air so it can pour freely. 

Many accidents resulting from dangerous reactions have a history of repeating themselves over the years, without the lessons of history being properly drawn. For example, the accident at Seveso, arising from difficulties in controlling the reaction temperature of sodium hydroxide with 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, had already happened three times a few years before. The symptoms due to acute intoxication caused by dioxin were already known. 

HF medications deserves special attention, as it is the most common cause of acute decompensation and can be prevented. As such, an accurate history regarding diet, food choices, and the patient s knowledge regarding sodium and fluid intake (including alcohol) is valuable in assessing dietary indiscretion. Nonadherence with medical recommendations such as laboratory and other appointment follow-up can also be indicative of non-adherence with diet or medications. 

TO, a 77-year-old male nursing home resident is admitted to the hospital with a 3-day history of altered mental status. The patient was unable to give a history or review of systems. On physical examination the vital signs revealed a blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 110 beats per minute, respirations 14/minutes, and a temperature of 101°F (38.3°C). Rales and dullness to percussion were noted at the posterior right base. The cardiac exam was significant for tachycardia. No edema was present. Laboratory studies included sodium 160 mEq/L (160 mmol/L), potassium 4.6 mEq/L (4.6 mmol/L), chloride 120 mEq/L (120 mmol/L), bicarbonate 30 mEq/L (30 mmol/L), glucose 104 mg/dL (5.77 mmol/L), BUN 34 mg/dL (12.14 mmol/L), and creatinine 2.2 mg/dL (194.5 pmol/L). The CBC was within normal limits. Chest x-ray indicated a right lower lobe pneumonia. 

Oxcarbazepine Hyponatremia (serum sodium concentrations less than 125 mEq/L) has been reported and occurs more frequently during the first 3 months of therapy serum sodium concentrations should be monitored in patients receiving drugs that lower serum sodium concentrations (e.g., diuretics or drugs that cause inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion) or in patients with symptoms of hyponatremia (e.g., confusion, headache, lethargy, and malaise). Hypersensitivity reactions have occurred in approximately 25-30% of patients with a history of carbamazepine hypersensitivity and requires immediate discontinuation. 

A 70-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of diffuse abdominal pain and nonbloody diarrhea. One day earlier he had been discharged from the hospital, where he had received ceftriaxone and levofloxacin for 7 days for an upper respiratory infection. Soon after going home, he passed numerous liquid brown stools. A few hours later, the patient became disoriented, and an ambulance was called. His medical history is unremarkable. Laboratory values White blood cell count 50,000 cells/mm3, hematocrit 43%, sodium 125 mmol/L, potassium 5.6 mmol/L, C02 14 mmol/L, and metabolic acidosis. An abdominal radiograph series show no evidence of obstruction. The patient was admitted to the hospital. 

The preparation of salts of organic compounds is one of the most important tools available to the for-mulator. Compounds for both IM and IV solutions may require high solubility in order for the drug to be incorporated into acceptable volumes for bolus administration (see Table 1). Sodium and potassium salts of weak acids and hydrochloride and sulfate salts of weak bases are widely used in parenterals requiring highly soluble compounds, based on their overall safety and history of clinical acceptance. 

MCA Case History No. 282 Erroneous addition of cone, sulfuric acid to sodium chlorate instead of sodium chloride caused an explosion owing to formation of chlorine dioxide [1]. Accidental contact of 93% acid on clothing previously splashed with sodium chlorate caused immediate ignition [2],... 

The history of asymmetric dihydroxylation51 dates back 1912 when Hoffmann showed, for the first time, that osmium tetroxide could be used catalytically in the presence of a secondary oxygen donor such as sodium or potassium chlorate for the cA-dihydroxylation of olefins.52 About 30 years later, Criegee et al.53 discovered a dramatic rate enhancement in the osmylation of alkene induced by tertiary amines, and this finding paved the way for asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins. 

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