Industrial early history

The expl nature of N trichloride has been known since the end of the 18th century when Sir H. Davy reported, The fulminating oil which you mentioned roused my curiosity and nearly deprived me of an eye. After some months confinement I am again well. (Ref 12). The early history of this compd is reviewed in this Ref. It is readily prepd by the action of Cl on ammonia or Amm salts (Refs 2,6 13) or by the electrolysis of an unstirred coned soln of Amm chloride at 35—40° (Ref 4). A procedure for the prepn of a soln of N trichloride in chlf is described In Ref 1, and prepn on an industrial scale in Ref 7... 

In 1901, the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) - now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - was founded because of the increasing demand for various kinds of standards in the rapidly developing engineering industries. The early history of the NBS reference material program started in 1905 with a cooperative effort within the iron and steel industry whereby industrial analysts helped characterize the individual reference materials. Cooperation with NBS was recognized as a mark of achievement for the laboratory, so this effort served a dual purpose. It both helped the laboratory develop its measurement skills and also helped NIST understand the meastuement problems associated with a given matrix. 

For further details concerning the his tor of die match industry the reader may consult, for example, the series of articles published by M. F Crass, Jr., in volume 18 of the Journal of Chemical Education in 1941 (28) and Professor Laszlo (Ladislaus) von Szathmary s "History of the Match up to the End of die Nineteenth Century" (56). The early history of die manufacture of phosphorus in America has been described in die Journal of Chemical Education in an interesting article by William E. Gibbs and Claude K. Deischer (57). 

Environmental pollution has played a critical role in human lives since the early history of the nomadic tribes. During the last millennium industrial revolution, increased population growth, and urbanization have been the major determinants in shaping our environmental quality. 

This section describes the early history leading to creation of the steroid industry, provides an account of key processes used in the manufacture of the oral contraceptives and anti-inflammatories currently marketed in the United States and highlights the creation of diverse biological activities by molecular manipulation of the steroid molecule. The section concludes with an outline of a few of the synthesis challenges faced and overcome in the manufacture of betamethasone anti-inflammatories. 

In the early history of PVC, application was confined almost entirely to highly plasticized and flexible compositions, and the thermal processing liability of such formulations was practically the only question. Minimal mechanical shear work was applied to the polymer itself. Concomitant with the growth of the industry was the discovery that certain metal soaps... 

Historical Introduction and Perchlorates in General History. The early history of perchlorates and the perchlorate industry has been thoroughly discussed (Refs 12 14, p 2), so it will be only briefly reviewed here. Early exptl work on chlorates and perchlorates was closely tied to the discovery and identification of Cl. Several workers, notably Priestly, Lavoisier, and Scheele reported the isolation of volat liqs and gases which probably were oxides or oxyacids of Cl, but they failed to identify and characterize the compds isolated. Scheele, for example, treated muriatic ac (HCl) with Mn dioxide and obtained a volat liq which he called muriatic ac derived of its phlogiston (Ref 14, p3). The first perchlorate defmitely identified was the K salt which was prepd by Stadion in 1816 by the thermal decompn of K chlorate (Ref 2). From this he prepd a hydrate of perchloric ac by heating the K salt with sulfuric ac (Ref 3). Pure (anhyd) perchloric ac was first prepd by Roscoe in 1862 by distn of the hydrated ac (Ref 4)... 

For Rhone-Poulenc s early history, see Haber, Chemical Industry, 1900-1930,... 

Any discussion of the use of sugar in frozen foods should include a little of the early history of this rapidly growing industry as well as statistics on the amount and types of products packed. Discussion here is limited to frozen fruits, as frozen vegetables are not packed with sugar. 

Non Rare Earth SATs. Several candidates that meet these criteria have been found, and some of their applications are discussed by Kruger (5). Krugers discussion also contains an excellent accoimt of the early history of this field. In a series of experiments at the Pennsylvania State University, Jester and coworkers (6,7) have used Br" and I" to mimic the movement of soluble species in natural waters. In-EDTA complexes have been used by Behrens et al. (8) to monitor groundwater movement, while Dahl (9) has shown that In(N03)2 could be used to trace water stream patterns and pollutant dispersal in and around the harbor of a Norwegian town. Indium and scandium were used as stable activable tracers for monitoring in-plant movements of water in waste water treatment plants by Craft and Eicholz (10). The entire subject of industrial uses of activable tracers has been reviewed recently by Van Dalen and Wijkstra (II). 

C. H. Giles and S. D. Forrester, Studies in the early history of surface chemistry, Chemistry and Industry, Nov. 8, 1969 Jan. 17, 1970 Jan. 9, 1971 July 24, 1971 Nov. 13,1971 April 15,1972. This history of surface phenomena is a must for any serious student of the subject. Parts V and VI, on solute adsorption by solid surfaces, give and well-illustrated, lively account of the role of soil chemists in the development of the adsorption isotherm concept. 

For a full account of the prehistory, and early development, of ICI, see William J. Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries. A History. 2 volumes (London Oxford University Press, 1970). 

In Chapter 2 we described some of the early history of ceramics and their production. The transition to a large-scale manufacturing industry occurred in... 

Compression moulding or hot press moulding is one of the oldest processes, dating from the early history of the rubber industry, before plastics were developed. In recent years, much of the innovation has been stimulated by the use of new materials. 

Roy MacLeod, and Kay Andrews, "The origins of the DSIR Reflections on ideas and men, 1915-1916," Public adminstration, 48 (1970), 23-48 Harry Melville, The department of scientific and industrial research (London, 1962) Ian Varcoe, "Scientists, government and organised research in Great Britiain, 1914-16 The early history of the DSIR," Minerva, 8 (1970), 192-216 and Ian Varcoe, "Cooperative research associations in British industry, 1918-1934," Minerva, 19 (1981), 433-463. 

Instead of the emphasis on methods and instruments, the focus shifted to modern chemical theories and fundamental research conveyed by academic teaching. The early history of the society explains the difficulties for the Societe Chimique de Belgique to appear both as a fully scientific society and as an attractive place for chemists working in both the industrial and the academic worlds to meet each other. Long after these first steps, one can hear the eall for more involvement from the industrials, and the incompatible yet parallel elaim to be, as any other foreign chemical society, a learned society. 

As one reviews the early history of criticality safety there is good evidence that standard industrial accident prevention techniques served well. Where there were failures, the evidence was not obscure that Simple, straUd>tforward multiple techniques of procedural control would produce the level of accident control required even by a changing social climate. 

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