Sodium gluconate production

Hie two main differences between caldum gluconate and sodium gluconate production are that, in the latter, pH control is performed by addition of sodium hydroxide and the initial glucose concentration is different... 

Blom RH, Pfeiffer VF, Moyer AJ, Traufler DH, Conway HF, Crocker CK, Farison RE, Hannibal DV (1952) Sodium gluconate production-fermentation with... 

Blom, R.M., Pfeifer, V.F., Moyer, A.J., Traufrer, D.H., Conway, H.F., Crocker, C.K., Farison, R.E., Hannibal, D.V., 1952. Sodium gluconate production. Fermentation with Aspergillus niger. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 44 (2),... 

Depending on which of the products, caldum gluconate, sodium gluconate or gluconic add (free add) is required, die fermentations have some basic differences. 

False. The reverse is true, because sodium gluconate is far more soluble than caldum gluconate high glucose concentrations can be used to produce higher production yields of sodium gluconate. 

The highly selective biocatalytic reactions afford a substantial reduction in waste. The overall isolated yield is greater than 90%, and the product is more than 98% chemically pure with an enantiomeric excess of >99.9%. All three evolved enzymes are highly active and are used at such low loadings that counter-current extraction can be used to minimize solvent volumes. Moreover, the butyl acetate solvent is recycled with an efficiency of 85%.The E factor (kgs waste per kg product) for the overall process is 5.8 if process water is excluded (2.3 for the reduction and 3.5 for the cyanation) [47]. If process water is included, the E factor for the whole process is 18 (6.6 for the reduction and 11.4 for the cyanation). The main contributors to the E factor are solvent losses which accounted for 51% of the waste, sodium gluconate (25%), NaCl and Na2SO4 (combined circa. 22%). The three enzymes and the NADP cofactor account for <1% of the waste. The main waste streams are aqueous and directly biodegradable. 

Of all these products, sodium glucoheptonate has been the most widely used chelant in cooling water formulations. It shows a greater stability than sodium gluconate and retains the ability to chelate ions effectively in high pH water, which citrates and EDTA do not do so well. Sodium glucoheptonate is a sodium salt of polyhydroxymonocarboxylic acid (2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxy-s-heptonic acid). It is a reaction product of sodium cyanide and sucrose. 

E. coli XLl-Blue was grown at 37°C in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium (containing 10 g/L of tryptone, 5 g/L of yeast extract, and 5 g/L of NaCl). Recombinant E. coli strains for the PHA production were cultivated at 30°C for 72 h in LB medium containing two different carbon sources (1) 2 g/L of sodium decanoate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and (2) 10 g/L of sodium gluconate (Junsei, Tokyo, Japan) plus 2 g/L of sodium decanoate. All the flask cultures were carried out in triplicate in a rotary shaker at 250 rpm. For the cultivation of recombinant E. coli strains, ampicillin (50 mg/L) was added to the medium. 

Sodium gluconate is easier to extract than the calcium salt. To obtain commercial grades of sodium gluconate tiie culture filtrate, after filtraticHi to remove mycelium and suspended solids, is simply concentrated to 45% solids, pH-adjusted to 7.5 witii sodium hydroxide and drum dried. Purer products may be obtained by active carbon treatment of the hot solution before drying or by carbon treatment and recrystallisation. 

Sodium gluconate is also the precursor of Glucono-delta-lactone (Figure 9.2.14), its cyclic internal ether, a product used in the food industry to control pH. 

Thielecke et al. have recently developed a flow reactor system for glucose oxidation by using AU/AI2O3 and Au/Ti02 as catalysts and have examined the long-term stability of the catalysts for industrial use [195-197]. The productivity of sodium gluconate was estimated to be 4.2 tg u and AU/AI2O3 showed no loss in catalytic activity and selectivity after 70 days operation [195]. 

In alkaline media, sodium gluconate (NaGH4) (the oxidation product of D-glucose) stabilizes the Mn Mn and Mn oxidation states. Reaction of the dinuclear Mn gluconate with O2 is first-order with respect to each reactant, yielding the species and HgOg. Further oxidation of the dinuclear Mn complex gives the Mn complex and peroxide ions ... 

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