Solvents butyl acetate

Fig. 55. Gel-permeation chromatogram(GPC) of a microgel sample of Mw = 10X106 g/mol obtained in the anionic polymerization of EDMA in toluene. Microgel concentration = 1 g/L solvent = butyl acetate elution temperature = 70 °C is the weight-average molar mass of linear polystyrene used for comparison. [Reproduced from Ref. 256 with permission, Huthig Wepf Publ., Zug, Switzerland].

Couchman et al. developed a method for simultaneous analysis of amisulpride, metamphetamine, and amphetamine in plasma by HPLC-MS/MS. To the sample (200 pi), ISTDs solution and NaOH solution were added to the extraction solvent (butyl acetate-butanol, 9 1). HPLC separation was performed by strong cation-exchange. The use of methanol as eluent improved sensitivity for analytes due to more efficient in-source desolvation when compared with aqueous eluents [99],... 

Indigosulfonic acid goes mostly into solution during the extraction test with ammonia, and then it can be identified by TLC comparison on silica gel with the solvent butyl acetate-pyridine-water (4 4 2). 

Chem. Descrip. Polyisocyanate-modified polysiloxane in solvents (butyl acetate/methoxypropyl acetate)... 

Layer Silica gel G 4- 2.6% sodium carbonate solvent butyl acetate-pyridine-water (30 4- 46 4- 25), 5—6 run, lasting 60 min. 

Solvent, butyl acetate-methanol-acetic acid-pyridine (20 20 5 5). Developing time, 30 min. Detection limit, lOT M. Solvent front, 10 cm. A. plmn silica gel B, C, D, 0.55fe, 0.2%, 0.1% Zn Mmpregnated, respectively ... 

Figure 25 Confocal scanning microscopy images and the corresponding cross sections of polystyrene films, when printed from (a) the single solvent butyl acetate, or using a solvent mixture of (b) methyl benzoate and ethyl acetate, or (c) acetophenone and isopropyl acetate. Reprinted with permission from Tekin, E. de Gans, B.-J. Schubert, U. S. J. Mater. Chem. 2004,14,2627. Copyright 2010 the Royal Society of Chemistry.

The method is basically an application of the Wacker oxidation except that the catalyst used is palladium acetate ( Pd(AcO)2 or Pd(02CCH3)2). the solvent is acetic acid or tert-butyl alcohol and the oxygen source is the previously suggested hydrogen peroxide (H202)[17]. 

Acrylic Acid Recovery. The process flow sheet (Fig. 3) shows equipment and conditions for the separations step. The acryUc acid is extracted from the absorber effluent with a solvent, such as butyl acetate, xylene, diisobutyl ketone, or mixtures, chosen for high selectivity for acryUc acid and low solubihty for water and by-products. The extraction is performed using 5—10 theoretical stages in a tower or centrifiigal extractor (46,61—65). 

Antibiotics. Solvent extraction is an important step in the recovery of many antibiotics (qv) such as penicillin [1406-05-9] streptomycin [57-92-17, novobiocin [303-81-1J, bacitracin [1405-87-4] erythromycin, and the cephalosporins. A good example is in the manufacture of penicillin (242) by a batchwise fermentation. Amyl acetate [628-63-7] or -butyl acetate [123-86-4] is used as the extraction solvent for the filtered fermentation broth. The penicillin is first extracted into the solvent from the broth at pH 2.0 to 2.5 and the extract treated with a buffet solution (pH 6) to obtain a penicillin-rich solution. Then the pH is again lowered and the penicillin is re-extracted into the solvent to yield a pure concentrated solution. Because penicillin degrades rapidly at low pH, it is necessary to perform the initial extraction as rapidly as possible for this reason centrifugal extractors are generally used. 

Ketones and esters are required for C-type inks. Types of esters are ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, normal propyl acetate, and butyl acetate. From the ketone class, acetone or methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) can be used. The usual solvent for D-type inks are mixtures of an alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, with either aUphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. Commonly used mixtures are 50/50 blends by volume of alcohol and aUphatic hydrocarbon. 

In typical processes, the gaseous effluent from the second-stage oxidation is cooled and fed to an absorber to isolate the MAA as a 20—40% aqueous solution. The MAA may then be concentrated by extraction into a suitable organic solvent such as butyl acetate, toluene, or dibutyl ketone. Azeotropic dehydration and solvent recovery, followed by fractional distillation, is used to obtain the pure product. Water, solvent, and low boiling by-products are removed in a first-stage column. The column bottoms are then fed to a second column where MAA is taken overhead. Esterification to MMA or other esters is readily achieved using acid catalysis. 

Titanium—Vanadium Mixed Metal Alkoxides. Titanium—vanadium mixed metal alkoxides, VO(OTi(OR)2)2, are prepared by reaction of titanates, eg, TYZOR TBT, with vanadium acetate ia a high boiling hydrocarbon solvent. The by-product butyl acetate is distilled off to yield a product useful as a catalyst for polymeri2iag olefins, dienes, styrenics, vinyl chloride, acrylate esters, and epoxides (159,160). 

Butanol is used as a direct solvent ia paints and other surface coatings. It acts synergisticaHy with butyl acetate as a latent solvent system for nitrocellulose lacquers and thinners to give a solvent system stronger than either solvent alone. Other direct solvent appHcations for -butyl alcohol are ia the formulation of pharmaceuticals, waxes, and resias. 

Butyl acetate [123-86-4], one of the more important derivatives of -butyl alcohol produced commercially, is employed as a solvent ia rapid dryiag paints and coatings. In some instances, butyl acetate, has replaced ethoxyethyl acetate [111-15-9] due to the latter s reported toxicity and... 

Some commercially important isobutyl derivatives include isobutyl acetate, employed as a replacement solvent for -butyl acetate zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDPP) lube oil additives isobutyl acrylate [106-62-8] and methacrylate [97-86-9] monomers isobutylamines and amino resins (qv). 

The rate of solvent diffusion through the film depends not only on the temperature and the T of the film but also on the solvent stmcture and solvent-polymer iuteractions. The solvent molecules move through free-volume holes iu the films and the rate of movement is more rapid for small molecules than for large ones. Additionally, linear molecules may diffuse more rapidly because their cross-sectional area is smaller than that of branched-chain isomers. Eor example, although isobutyl acetate (IBAc) [105-46-4] has a higher relative evaporation rate than -butyl acetate... 

An important characteristic of solvents is rate of evaporation. Rates of solvent loss are controUed by the vapor pressure of the solvent(s) and temperature, partial pressure of the solvent over the surface, and thus the air-flow rate over the surface, and the ratio of surface area to volume. Tables of relative evaporation rates, in which -butyl acetate is the standard, are widely used in selecting solvents. These relative rates are deterrnined experimentally by comparing the times required to evaporate 90% of a weighed amount of solvent from filter paper under standard conditions as compared to the time for -butyl acetate. The rates are dependent on the standard conditions selected (6). Most tables of relative evaporation rates are said to be at 25°C. This, however, means that the air temperature was 25°C, not that the temperature of the evaporating solvent was 25°C. As solvents evaporate, temperature drops and the drop in temperature is greatest for solvents that evaporate most rapidly. 

The process of post-chlorinating PVC was carried out during World War II in order to obtain polymers soluble in low-cost solvents and which could therefore be used for fibres and lacquers. The derivate was generally prepared by passing chlorine through a solution of PVC in tetrachloroethane at between 50°C and 100°C. Solvents for the product included methylene dichloride, butyl acetate and acetone. These materials were of limited value because of their poor colour, poor light stability, shock brittleness and comparatively low softening point. 

The occurrence and extent of rearrangement of the 2-butyl cation have also been investigated by solvolysis studies using isotopic labeling. When 2-butyl tosylate is solvolyzed in acetic acid, C-2/C-3 rearrangement occurs only to the extent of 9% in the 2-butyl acetate which is isolated.Thus, under these conditions, most of the reaction proceeds by direct participation of the solvent. 

Examples of mono-layer adsorption isotherms obtained for chloroform and butyl chloride are shown in Figure 5. The adsorption isotherms of the more polar solvents, ethyl acetate, isopropanol and tetrahydro-furan from -heptane solutions on silica gel were examined by Scott and Kucera [4]. Somewhat surprisingly, it was found that the experimental results for the more polar solvents did not fit the simple mono-layer... 

Solvents. NBRs are soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones, esters and nitroparaffin compounds. Solvents with high evaporation rate are acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, chloroform and ethyl acetate, among others. Solvents with slow evaporation rate are nitromethane, dichloropentenes, chloro-toluene, butyl acetate and methyl isobutyl ketone. 

Alkali metal alkoxides, r-butyl acetate neat, 45°, 30 min, 98% yield of r-butyl ester from methyl benzoate. The rate constant for the reaction increases with increasing ionic radius of the metal and with decreasing polarity of the solvent. Equilibrium for the reaction is achieved in <10 sec. Other examples eire presented. " ... 

Discussion. Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (B) reacts with a weakly acidic or ammoniacal solution of copper(II) in low concentration to produce a brown colloidal suspension of the copper(II) diethyldithiocarbamate. The suspension may be extracted with an organic solvent (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride or butyl acetate) and the coloured extract analysed spectrophotometrically at 560 nm (butyl acetate) or 435 nm (chloroform or carbon tetrachloride). 

Add to the sample solution (containing 1 -25 g of Mo) 4 mL of 1 3 sulphuric acid, 3 drops of 85 per cent phosphoric(V) acid, and 0.5 g of citric acid. Dilute with water to 20 mL and add 2 mL of dithiol solution. Allow to stand at room temperature for 2 hours. Extract the molybdenum complex with 13 mL and 10 mL portions respectively of re-distilled butyl acetate, and make up to 25.0 mL with this solvent in a graduated flask filter through glass wool if not entirely clear. Determine the absorbance of the solution at 670 nm. Prepare a calibration curve as detailed in Section 6.14. 

A typical penicillin broth contains 20-35 mg/1 of antibiotic. Filtration is used to remove mycelial biomass from fermentation broth. The filtration may be subjected to filter aided polymers. Neutralisation of penicillin at pH 2-3 is required. Amyl acetate or butyl acetate is used as an organic solvent to remove most of the product from the fermentation broth. Finally, penicillin is removed as sodium penicillin and precipitated by a butanol-water mixture. 

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