Sodium chlorate periodate

A 2-1. three-necked flask fitted with a stirrer (Notes 1 and 2), condenser, and dropping funnel (Note 3) is mounted in the hood, and in it are placed 20 g. (0.061 mole) of potassium anthra-quinone-a-sulfonate (p. 72), 500 cc. of water, and 85 cc. (1 mole) of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The solution is heated to boiling and stirred, while a solution of 20 g. (0.19 mole) of sodium chlorate (Note 4) in 100 cc. of water is added dropwise over a period of three hours (Note 5). The mixture is refluxed very slowly for an additional hour before the precipitated a-chloro-anthraquinone is collected by suction filtration and washed free from acid with hot water (about 350 cc.). After drying in vacuo at ioo°, the bright yellow product melts at 158-160° (corr.) and weighs 14.6-14.7 g. (97-98 per cent of the theoretical amount) (Notes 6 and 7). 

A technique of developing Aniline Black directly on the fiber was found by Lightfoot in the period between 1860 and 1863. In accordance with this process, the fiber is soaked with aniline, aniline hydrochloride, and sodium chlorate in the presence of an oxidation catalyst (e.g., ammonium vanadate, potassium hexa-cyanoferrate(II)). The compound is developed at 60 to 100°C and then oxidized further with sodium chromate. It should be noted, however, that Perkin had already synthesized a black compound which he called Aniline Black as early as 1856. He oxidized aniline (containing toluidine) with potassium dichromate and separated Aniline Violet from the resulting black mixture (Aniline Black). 

Palladium(II) oxide, 4825 Palladium(IV) oxide, 4835 Perchloric acid, 3998 Periodic acid, 4425 Permanganic acid, 4434 Peroxodisulfuric acid, 4482 Peroxodisulfuryl difluoride, 4328 Peroxomonosulfuric acid, 4481 Peroxytrifluoroacetic acid, 0666 Platinum hexafluoride, 4371 Platinum(IV) oxide, 4836 Plutonium hexafluoride, 4372 Potassium bromate, 0255 Potassium chlorate, 4017 Potassium dichromate, 4248 Potassium iodate, 4619 Potassium nitrate, 4650 Potassium nitrite, 4649 Potassium perchlorate, 4018 Potassium periodate, 4620 Potassium permanganate, 4647 Rhenium hexafluoride, 4373 Rubidium fluoroxysulfate, 4309 Ruthenium(VIII) oxide, 4862 Selenium dioxide, 4838 Selenium dioxide, 4838 Silver permanganate, 0021 Sodium chlorate, 4039 Sodium chlorite, 4038 Sodium dichromate, 4250 Sodium iodate, 4624 Sodium nitrate, 4721 Sodium nitrite, 4720... 

In a 5-I. flat-bottom flask, equipped with a condenser (Note 1), a separatory funnel and a mechanical stirrer (Note 2), are placed 450 g. (2.24 moles) of sodium chlorate, 2 g. of vanadium pentoxide (Note 3) and 1 1. of water. The mixture is heated (Note 4) to 70-750 by supporting the flask to cm. above an electric hot plate. To the well-stirred solution is then added 200 g. (2.06 moles) of furfural (Note 5) over a period of seventy to eighty minutes. After the addition of furfural is complete, the mixture is heated at 70-75°, with stirring, for ten to eleven hours, and then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The mixture is filtered by suction, and the crude fumaric acid is dried in the air. The yield is 155-170 g. (65-72 per cent of the theoretical amount) (Note 6). 

In a 5-1. flask, 125 g. of pure sodium chlorate is dissolved in 500 ml. of water at 45°C. After acidification with 2 ml. of concentrated nitric acid, 100 g. of iodine is added. The mixture is warmed until reaction just begins (at 50°C., if the acidity is correct). To prevent loss of iodine, the mouth of the flask is lightly closed with an inverted beaker. Provision should be made for immersing the flask in cold water in case the reaction becomes too vigorous. Complete disappearance of the iodine ordinarily requires 10 or 15 minutes. The iodate solution is then ready to be oxidized to periodate. 

Herbicides are chemicals used to destroy unwanted plants (terrestrial or aquatic) called weeds. Herbicides fall into two broad categories inorganic (e.g., copper sulfate, sodium chlorate, and sodium arsenite) and organic (e.g., chlorophenoxy compounds, dinitrophenols, bipyridyl compounds, carbamates, and amide herbicides). Historically, inorganic compounds were the first available and the first used. There has been over a long period a continuous effort to develop herbicide compounds that are more selective—that affect weeds, as opposed to desirable plants. 

CXXXI. Its properties are those to be expected of such a structure for example, the UV-spectrum shows absorption at 224 m/u. (e = 14000) corresponding to one diene chromophore in the C4o-molecule, and oxidation by osmium tetroxide-sodium chlorate followed by periodate fission gives both acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The Hofmann degradation can be completed by treatment of descurarine with alkali to yield the ditertiary ether base CXXVIII (129). 

Chlorination, Work-Up, and Isolation Add the aqueous sodium chlorate solution dropwise to the stirred cold mixture over a period of about 2 min some chlorine gas is evolved. After completing the addition, stir the reaction mixture at room temperature for 1 h and then collect the precipitate by vacuum filtration. Wash the crude product thoroughly N th ice-cold water until the washings are neutral or nearly so. The product may be recrystallized from methanol. 

Periodates are made by oxidation of iodide, iodine, or iodate in aqueous solution. The industrial process involves the electrolytic oxidation of NalOs, or oxidation of sodium chlorate using chlorine gas. 

In contrast to the p-block elements reported so far, there has been a considerable amount of work carried out with the halogens. In this area there have also been more studies on the radiolysis of various species, an aspect which should be considered in more detail when interpreting the results of recoil experiments. However, although the radiolysis of potassium and sodium chlorates has been investigated,there has been only one paper published on the transfer annealing of in caesium pwchlorate during the period of this Report. 

One method which gave a purification of iodine-131 from a 16-day-old solu-tion of 10 fissions had the following steps (224). Iodide, iodate, or periodate carrier and sodium chlorate were added to the sample which contained only inorganic substances (but no gold) and no reducing agents. The solution was made 6-10 in hydrochloric acid in order to produce iodine monochloride (yellow-green solution). The monochloride was extracted into butyl acetate and then back-extracted into water as iodide by means of sulfurous acid. Iodide was oxidized to elemental iodine with iron(III) chloride in dilute sulfuric acid and the iodine extracted into toluene. The element was back-extracted into water as iodide by sulfurous acid and palladium(II) iodide was precipitated. 

Perchlorate is the oxidation product of chlorate. It forms a variety of compounds, including ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid. Perchlorate is highly reactive in its solid state, and as ammonium perchlorate it is used as the oxidizer in solid rocket fuel. Because of its limited shelf life, it must be periodically washed out of the country s rocket and missile inventory and replaced. Large volumes of the chemical have been disposed of since the 1950s, and perchlorate has been detected in large concentrations in both groundwater and surface water. Perchlorate has also been used in the manufacture of matches, munitions, fireworks, and in analytical chemistry. 

H. Stamm also measured the solubilities of the salts of the alkalies in liquid ammonia —potassium hydroxide, nitrate, sulphate, chromate, oxalate, perchlorate, persulphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, carbonate, and chlorate rubidium chloride, bromide, and sulphate esesium chloride, iodide, carbonate, and sulphate lithium chloride and sulphate sodium phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, fluoride, chloride, iodide, bromate, perchlorate, periodate, hyponitrire, nitrite, nitrate, azide, dithionate, chromate, carbonate, oxalate, benzoate, phtnalate, isophthalate ammonium, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, sulphate, sulphite, chromate, molybdate, nitrate, dithionate, thiosulphate, persulphate, thiocyanate, phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, arsenate, arsenite, amidosulphonate, ferrocyanide, carbonate, benzoate, methionate, phenylacetate, picrate, salicylate, phenylpropionate, benzoldisulphonate, benzolsulphonate, phthalate, trimesmate, mellitate, aliphatic dicarboxylates, tartrate, fumarate, and maleinate and phenol. 

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