Bromide sodium

Sodium bromide [7647-15-6] NaBr, the most common and available alkali bromide, is a salt of hydrobromic acid (see Bromine compounds). Sodium bromide crystallines from aqueous solution as a 3466-08-5] NaBr-2H20, below 51°C. Above 51°C, it crystallines as the anhydrous compound. 

Crystals of the dihydrate belong to the monoclinic system and have lattice parameters a = 659 pm, b = 1020 pm, and c = 651 pm. The anhydrous crystal belongs to the cubic system, a = 596 pm. Other physical properties of the anhydrous salt are Hsted iu Table 1. The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic but not dehquescent. 

Sodium bromide has a very high water solubiUty. At 25°C a saturated solution contains 48.6% sodium bromide by weight. Values for the solubiUty at several temperatures are known (1). Three parameter equations for calculating the solubiUty iu terms of mole fraction of both the anhydrous and dihydrate salts are available (2). Convenient equations for calculating the solubiUty iu weight percent of sodium bromide iu water at various temperatures, t iu °C, are as follows  

Both equations give the weight percent of sodium bromide iu an aqueous saturated solution to within 0.02 percentage units. One gram of sodium bromide dissolves iu about 16 mL of ethanol and 6 mL of methanol (3). 

Small quantities of pure sodium bromide can be prepared by neutralising solutions of either sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] or sodium carbonate [497-19-8] usiug hydrobromic acid [10035-10-6] which is free of bromine, followed by evaporation and crystallisation. 

Sodium bromide [7647-15-6] NaBr, the most common and available alkali bromide, is a salt of hydrobromic acid (see Bromine COMPOUNDS). Sodium bromide crystallizes from aqueous solution as a di ydj 2LX.e[13466-08-5] NaBr-2H20, below 51 C. Above 51°C, it crystallizes as the anhydrous compound. Crystals of the dihydrate belong to the monoclinic system and have lattice parameters a = 659 pm, b = 1020 pm, and c = 651 pm. The anhydrous crystal belongs to the cubic system, a = 596 pm. Other physical properties of the anhydrous salt are Hsted in Table 1. The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic but not dehquescent. 

sodium bromide demand accounts for 8—10% of total bromine production. In 1994 demand is estimated to have been 13,600—17,200 metric tons (5). At mid-1996, the price for technical-grade sodium bromide in tmckload quantities was 1.54/kg ( 0.70/lb) (6). Manufacturers of sodium bromide include Albemarle, Great Lakes Chemical, Rhc )ne-Poulenc, and Whittaker Corporation. 

Sodium bromide is occasionally employed as an algicide. Typically 3.5 ppm of sodium bromide added. The bromide is converted to hypobromous acid by the subsequent addition of a fast dissolving chlorine biocide sufficient to achieve 10 ppm FAC. This temporarily converts the pool to a bromine system. The pool is reconverted to chlorine by subsequent high doses of chlorine release agents. 

Silver and silver salts have occasionally been employed as algicides. Silver based algicides have shown limited efficacy against mustard algae and are frequently cited as the source of stains of pool surfaces. 

Carter, G. and Hinton, A. J., 1977. Water treatment for controlling growth of algae employing biguanides. U. S. Patent No. 4,014,676. Dychdala, G. R., 1991. Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds. In S. S. Block (ed.). Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 4th edn. Lea and Febiger, Malvern, Pennsylvania, pp. 131-151. 

DIS/TSS-12, Efficacy Data Requirements Swimming Pool Water Disinfectants. US Environmental Protection Agency, 

Freifelder, D., 1987. Microbial Genetics. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 

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Ingalls R, Crozier E D, Whitmore J E, Seary A J and Tranquada J M 1980 Extended x-ray absorption fine structure of sodium bromide and germanium at high pressure J. Appl. Phys. 51 3158... 

Required Ethanol, 37 ml. sulphuric acid, 40 ml. sodium bromide (NaBr,2HaO), 35 g. 

Cuprous bromide. The solid salt may be prepared by dissolving 150 g. of copper sulphate crystals and 87 5 g. of sodium bromide dihydrate in 500 ml. of warm water, and then adding 38 g. of powdered sodium sulphite over a period of 5-10 minutes to the stirred solution. If the blue colour is not completely discharged, a little more sodium sulphite should be added. The mixture is then cooled, the precipitate is collected in a Buchner funnel, washed twice with water containing a little dissolved sulphurous acid, pressed with a glass stopper to remove most of the liquid, and then dried in an evaporating dish or in an air oven at 100 120°. The yield is about 80 g. 

A solution of cuprous bromide may be prepared either by dissolving the solid in hot constant boiling point hydrobromic acid or by refluxing a mixture of 63 g. of crystallised copper sulphate, 20 g. of copper turnings, 154 g. of sodium bromide dihydrate, 30 g. (16-3 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid and 1 litre of water for 3-4 hours. If the colour of the solution has not become yellowish after this period of heating, a few grams of sodium sulphite should be added to complete the reduction. 

Into a 1500 ml. round-bottomed flask place 97-5 g. of finely-powdered sodium cyanide (1), 125 ml. of water, and a few chips of porous porcelain. Attach a reflux condenser and warm on a water bath until all the sodium cyanide dissolves. Introduce a solution of 250 g. (196 ml.) of n-butyl bromide (Sections 111,35 and 111,37) in 290 ml. of pure methyl alcohol, and reflux gently on a water bath for 28-30 hours. Cool to room temperature and remove the sodium bromide which has separated by filtration through a sintered glass funnel at the pump wash the crystals with about 100 ml. of methyl alcohol. Transfer the filtrate and washings to From n caproamide by SOClj method. 

Cool the mixture and decant the solution from the sodium bromide wash the salt with two 20 ml. portions of absolute alcohol and add the washings to the main solution. Distil off the alcohol, which contains the slight excess of n-propyl bromide used in the condensation, through a short fractionating column from a water bath. The residue A) of crude ethyl n-propylacetoacetate may be used directly in the preparation of methyl n-butyl ketone. If the fairly pure ester is required, distil the crude product under diminished pressure and collect the fraction boihng at 109-113727 mm. (183 g.) (R). 

Pelargonic acid (n-Nonoic acid), CH3(CH2),COOH. Equip a 1-litre, three-necked flask with a reflux condenser, a mercury-sealed stirrer, a dropping funnel and a thermometer. Place 23 g. of sodium, cut in small pieces, in the flask, and add 500 ml. of anhydrous n-butyl alcohol (1) in two or three portions follow the experimental details given in Section 111,152 for the preparation of a solution of sodium ethoxide. When the sodium has reacted completely, allow the solution to cool to 70-80° and add 160 g. (152 ml.) of redistilled ethyl malonate rapidly and with stirring. Heat the solution to 80-90°, and place 182 5 g. (160 ml.) of n-heptyl bromide (compare experimental details in Section 111,37) in the dropping funnel. Add the bromide slowly at first until precipitation of sodium bromide commences, and subsequently at such a rate that the n-butyl alcohol refluxes gently. Reflux the mixture until it is neutral to moist litmus (about 1 hour). 

Method 1. Prepare a solution of cuprous bromide by refluxing 31-5 g. of erystallised eopper sulphate, 10 g. of elean eopper turnings, 77 g. of crystallised sodium bromide, 15 g. (8-2 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid and 500 ml. of water contained in a 2 5 litre round-bottomed flask over a flame for 3-4 hours until the solution acquires a yellowish colour if the blue colour is not discharged, add a few grams of sodium bisulphite to complete the reduction. 

Equip a 3 litre three-necked flask with a thermometer, a mercury-sealed mechanical stirrer and a double-surface reflux condenser. It is important that all the apparatus be thoroughly dry. Place 212 g. of trimethylene dibromide (Section 111,35) and 160 g. of ethyl malonate (Section 111,153) (dried over anhydrous calcium sulphate) in the flask. By means of a separatory funnel, supported in a retort ring and fitted into the top of the condenser with a grooved cork, add with stirring a solution of 46 g. of sodium in 800 ml. of super dry ethyl alcohol (Section 11,47,5) (I) at such a rate that the temperature of the reaction mixture is maintained at 60-65° (50-60 minutes). When the addition is complete, allow the mixture to stand until the temperature falls to 50-55°, and then heat on a water bath until a few drops of the liquid when added to water are no longer alkaline to phenolphthalein (about 2 hours). Add sufficient water to dissolve the precipitate of sodium bromide, and remove the alcohol by distillation from a water bath. Arrange the flask for steam distillation (Fig. this merely involves... 

If much sodium bromide is present in the crude acetylmethylurea, this will not dissolve in the concentrated hydrochloric acid it dissolves, however, when the solution is diluted and has no effect upon the subsequent treatment with sodium nitrite. 

Another teat, which indicates the reactivity of the halogen atom (chlorine and bromine), is based upon the fact that sodium chloride and sodium bromide are sparingly soluble in pure acetone ... 

Primary bromides give a precipitate of sodium bromide within 3 minutes at 25° chlorides react only when heated at 50° for up to 6 minutes. Secondary and tertiary bromides must be heated at 50° for up to 6 minutes, but tertiary chlorides do not react within this time. 

The same kind of transformation may be carried out by heating an alcohol with sodium bromide and sulfuric acid... 

Recall that the term kinetics refers to how the rate of a reaction varies with changes m concentration Consider the nucleophilic substitution m which sodium hydroxide reacts with methyl bromide to form methyl alcohol and sodium bromide... 

The oxidative reaction of furan with bromine in methanol solution or an electrochemical process using sodium bromide produces 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (19), which is a cycHc acetal of maleic dialdehyde. The double bond in (19) can be easily hydrogenated to produce the corresponding succindialdehyde derivative. Both products find appHcation in photography and as embalming materials, as well as other uses. 

Sodium bromide is the most rapidly growing antimicrobial ia water treatment appHcations (25). Chlorine dioxide [10049-04-4] has not been historically important, but may have a bright future because of its excellent antimicrobial activity without formation of halomethanes or chloramines (26). 

Mercurous Bromide. Mercurous hi.omide[15385-58-7] Hg2Br2, is a white tetragonal crystalline powder, very similar to the chloride, and prepared in much the same way, ie, by the direct oxidation of mercury by bromine or by precipitation from mercurous nitrate by sodium bromide. It is sensitive to light, less stable than the chloride, and is not of appreciable commercial importance. 

Mercuric Bromide. Mercuric hi.omide[7789-94-7] HgBr2 is a white crystalline powder, considerably less stable than the chloride, and also much less soluble in water (0.6% at 25°C). Therefore, it is prepared easily by precipitation, using mercuric nitrate and sodium bromide solution. Drying of the washed compound is carried out below 75°C. Mercuric bromide has a few medicinal uses. 

Unsaturation value can be determined by the reaction of the akyl or propenyl end group with mercuric acetate ia a methanolic solution to give acetoxymercuric methoxy compounds and acetic acid (ASTM D4671-87). The amount of acetic acid released ia this equimolar reaction is determined by titration with standard alcohoHc potassium hydroxide. Sodium bromide is normally added to convert the iasoluble mercuric oxide (a titration iaterference) to mercuric bromide. The value is usually expressed as meg KOH/g polyol which can be converted to OH No. units usiag multiplication by 56.1 or to percentage of vinyl usiag multiplication by 2.7. 

Sodium chloride, Sodium bromide, Sodium iodide. 

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