Sodium body content

Juveniles exposed to 193 pg Mo/L, as sodium molybdate, for 90 days No accumulation whole-body content of <0.7 mg Mo/kg DW 14... 

Pharmacology Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose injection is a stable macromolecular complex used to replete the total body content of iron. 

Vitamin C Ascorbic acid is the most important redox substance of cell metabolism. The body content probably amounts to about 2-5 g, the major part being stored in the liver and muscles. Intestinal absorption (80-90%) is an active, sodium-dependent process. The transport of ascorbic acid in the blood probably takes place as an ascorbic acid-albumin complex. Cellular uptake is stimulated by insulin. 

Some medical researchers claim in vivo activation analysis is an excellent nondestructive method that can be used to either (a) measure the total-body content of trace elements considered important to man s health or (b) determine the total amount of a particular element in an organ. Studies carried out by Anderson et al. (23,24), Battye et al, (60) and Newton (645) have measured the total sodium, calcium and chlorine contents of the whole body. In similar studies Chamberlain et al. (168) and Palmer et al. (680,681) have demonstrated the feasibility of the method for total body sodium and calcium. Chamberlain et al. (167) have used living subjects to develop further evidence for nonexchangeable sodium pools in the body. 

The sodium concentration in blood plasma or serum is mainly an indicator for osmoregulation but does not reflect the body content. Pathological sodium values demonstrate disturbances in... 

A surgical implant is constantly bathed in extracellular tissue fluid. Basically water, this fluid contains electrolytes, complex compounds, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Electrolytes present in the largest amounts are sodium (Na ) and chloride (Cl ) ions. Most of the fluids existing in the body (such as blood, plasma and lymph) have a chloride content (and pH) somewhat similar to that of sea water (about 5 to 20g/l and pH about 8) . 

Diuretics promote the urinary excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting the absorption of filtered fluid across the renal tubular epithelium. The ensuing reduction in Na reabsorption reduces the Na content of the body, the critical determinant of extracellular and plasma fluid volumes. Thus, the use of diuretics is primarily indicated in the treatment of edematous diseases and of arterial hypertension. 

The body s normal daily sodium requirement is 1.0 to 1.5 mEq/kg (80 to 130 mEq, which is 80 to 130 mmol) to maintain a normal serum sodium concentration of 136 to 145 mEq/L (136 to 145 mmol/L).15 Sodium is the predominant cation of the ECF and largely determines ECF volume. Sodium is also the primary factor in establishing the osmotic pressure relationship between the ICF and ECF. All body fluids are in osmotic equilibrium and changes in serum sodium concentration are associated with shifts of water into and out of body fluid compartments. When sodium is added to the intravascular fluid compartment, fluid is pulled intravascularly from the interstitial fluid and the ICF until osmotic balance is restored. As such, a patient s measured sodium level should not be viewed as an index of sodium need because this parameter reflects the balance between total body sodium content and TBW. Disturbances in the sodium level most often represent disturbances of TBW. Sodium imbalances cannot be properly assessed without first assessing the body fluid status. 

This reabsorption occurs regardless of the sodium content of the body. In order to make adjustments in the sodium load, the reabsorption of the remaining 10% of filtered Na+ ions from the distal tubule and collecting duct is physiologically controlled by two hormones ... 

Water reabsorption. Water is reabsorbed passively by way of osmosis from many regions of the tubule. As with sodium and chloride, 65% of the filtered water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule. An additional 15% of the filtered water is reabsorbed from the descending limb of the Loop of Henle. This reabsorption occurs regardless of the water content of the body. The water enters the tubular epithelial cells through water channels, also referred to as aquaporins. These channels are always open in the early regions of the tubule. 

Osmotic diuretics such as mannitol act on the proximal tubule and, in particular, the descending limb of the Loop of Henle — portions of the tubule permeable to water. These drugs are freely filtered at the glomerulus, but not reabsorbed therefore, the drug remains in the tubular filtrate, increasing the osmolarity of this fluid. This increase in osmolarity keeps the water within the tubule, causing water diuresis. Because they primarily affect water and not sodium, the net effect is a reduction in total body water content more than cation content. Osmotic diuretics are poorly absorbed and must be administered intravenously. These drugs may be used to treat patients in acute renal failure and with dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. The latter disorder is caused by the excessively rapid removal of solutes from the extracellular fluid by hemodialysis. 

Sodium is the major extracellular cation. Because of its osmotic effects, changes in sodium content in the body have an important influence on extracellular fluid volume, including plasma volume. For example, excess sodium leads to the retention of water and an increase in plasma volume. Increased plasma volume then causes an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, sodium deficit leads to water loss and decreased plasma volume. A decrease in plasma volume then causes a decrease in blood pressure. Therefore, homeostatic mechanisms involved in the regulation of plasma volume and blood pressure involve regulation of sodium content, or sodium balance, in the body. 

Initial inhibition of sodium uptake and whole body sodium content that were normal by day 28. Abnormal liver enzyme activity. Liver copper increased from 23 mg/kg FW at start to 113 mg/kg FW at day 28... 

Euvolemic hyponatremia is associated with a normal or slightly decreased ECF sodium content and increased total body water and ECF volume. 

Hypervolemic hyponatremia is associated with an elevated total body sodium content and an expanded ECF volume. 

Hydrocortisone exhibits anti-shock, anti-allergy, and anti-inflammatory action. It raises sugar content in the blood, increases potassium secretion, and lowers sodium excretion from the body. It exhibits anti-metaboUc action and reduces histamine synthesis in the body. 

This electrode, also called the glass electrode, is specific to H+ ions. Glass in this case does not refer to the material of the electrode body but to the membrane that ensures contact with the solution. The membrane is a thin wall of glass that has a very high sodium content (25%). In the presence of water, hydration occurs and the membrane s surface becomes comparable to a gel while its interior corresponds to a solid electrolyte. 

The sodium content of the body extracellular fluids of marine invertebrates from the coelenterate through the arthropod phyla is approximately that of seawater. In freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates, the sodium of body fluids varies over a wide range and there is considerable variation among vertebrates. There are both fish and crustaceans so highly adaptable that they are able to live in either fresh or salt water. 

There are several uranium ore-bodies in the world that cannot be leached economically with sulfuric acid because of the high limestone content of the ore. Such ore-bodies are generally leached with an alkaline solution of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate. Carbonate also forms anionic complexes with the uranyl ion the predominant species being UC fCC 4- — and may therefore also be treated with anion-exchange resins. 

The pH-buffering of extracellular fluid depends in part on the carbon dioxide/ bicarbonate equilibrium so that the intake of sodium bicarbonate is followed by a brief alkalosis and an increased excretion of sodium carbonate in the urine. Depending on its carbonate concentration, the pH of the urine may rise to 8.07. Large doses (80—100 g/day) of sodium bicarbonate were needed if the pH of stomach contents was to be maintained at 4 or over in patients with duodenal ulcers8. Oxidation of organic anions in the body to carbon dioxide and water permits the use of sodium citrate, lactate or tartrate instead of sodium bicarbonate. In an analogous manner the ingestion of ammonium chloride induces a brief acidosis as a result of the metabolic conversion of ammonia to urea and lowers the pH of the urine. 

Sodium, potassium and chloride are the primary dietary ions that influence the electrolytic balance and acid-base status, and the proper dietary balance of sodium, potassium and chloride is necessary for growth, bone development, eggshell quality and AA utilization. Potassium is the third most abundant mineral in the body after calcium and phosphorus, and is the most abundant mineral in muscle tissue. It is involved in electrolyte balance and neuromuscular function. The content of potassium in poultry diets is usually adequate. Chloride is present in gastric juice and chlorine is part of the HC1 molecule which assists in the breakdown of feed in the proventriculus. Sodium is essential for nerve membrane stimulation and ionic transport across cell membranes. Signs of sodium, potassium or chloride deficiency include reduced appetite, poor growth, dehydration and increased mortality. 

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