Sodium blood serum

Obtain blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), calculated fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa), serum electrolytes, and arterial blood gases. 

ARF, acute renal failure BUN, blood urea nitrogen FEft a, fractional excretion of sodium Sa, serum creatinine RBC, red blood cell WBC, white blood cell. 

This method is used to determine sodium and potassium in food, water and blood serum. The flame can be hydrogen/oxygen, methane/ oxygen or methane/air fueled. Wavelength selection can be by filter, prism Fig. 9.2 or grating and by either one or two detectors. 

Assay of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium in blood serum and water... 

ASSAY OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM IN BLOOD SERUM AND WATER... 

How would you assay sodium, potassium and calcium in blood serum and water Explain. 

Figure 3.19 Theophylline in blood serum on vinyl alcohol polymer column. Conditions column, Asahipak GS320 (vinyl alcohol copolymer gel), 50 cm x 7.6 mm i.d. eluent, 0.01 M sodium acetate buffer pH 4.0 in 10% aqueous acetonitrile flow rate, 2 ml min-1 detection, UV 280 nm. Peaks 1, protein 2, low Mr impurity and 3, theophylline.

Sodium azide may react with lead and copper plumbing to form highly explosive metal azides. If allowed in your region, flush with a large volume of water to prevent azide accumulation. Because of possible pathogenic contamination, use of human blood serum is not recommended. 

The site of formation of renin is not known, although the indirect and circumstantial evidence favors slightly the juxtaglomerular apparatus rather than the tubules as a source (18). Crude renin, however, is extracted readily from renal cortex by saline extraction, acidification, and precipitation with ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride. Other active protein substances are likewise extracted, and their separation from renin is often a matter of considerable difficulty. The renin substrate, an arglobulin, is found in blood serum and is probably formed by the liver. It can be easily salted out of beef serum as a crude preparation. 

A clinical sample (whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, gastric juice, bile fluid, sweat, etc.) differs from any other analytical sample because of the presence of heterogeneous organic (e.g., proteins) and organic or inorganic components (e.g., urea or sodium ion), sample changes in time (owing to, e.g., denaturation of proteins, escape of C02) and small sample size (even a few tens of microliters). 

Bradbury, M.W.B., et al. 1963. The distribution of potassium, sodium, chloride and urea between lumbar cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum in human subjects. Clin Sci 25 97. 

The activation of BSSL is specific to primary bile salts. Bile salts, secondary as well as primary, protect BSSL against inactivation by intestinal proteinases. BSSL is inactivated by heating at 50°C for 1 h, but sodium taurocholate prevents loss of activity. The enzyme is stable in buffer for 1 h at 37°C between pH 3.5 and 9. It is inhibited by blood serum, 1M NaCl, protamine sulphate, eserine and diisopropylfluorophosphate (Hernell, 1975 Blackberg and Hernell, 1983). 

Human blood serum contains about 3.4 g/L of sodium ions. What is the molar concentration of Na+ in blood serum ... 

Lipid mixtures have remarkable ability to carry nonlipid materials into organic solvents, partly by way of ionic interactions. Thus, hexane extracts of blood serum contain urea, sodium chloride, and amino acids, and hexane extracts of soybeans contain the sugars rafGnose and stachyose. 

The presence of depressed sodium and/or potassium blood serum levels... 

Willis (Wll), employing a sodium hollow cathode lamp, determined sodium in blood serum. With a 10-cm long flame, sensitivity was so high as to make the necessary dilution (500-fold) impractical and subject to contamination. He reduced sensitivity simply in shortening the absorption path by turning the flame 90 degrees, but he also showed that the use of another, much weaker resonance line at 3302 A reduced dilution requirements to only 10-fold. No interferences were encountered from any of the serum constituents. 

Willis (Wll), using a potassium hollow cathode tube instead of the commonly employed discharge lamp, determined potassium in blood serum. At the 1 50 dilution no interference was encountered from calcium, magnesium, and phosphate at serum levels, but sodium gave a small enhancement. The sodium interference was controlled by the addition in excess of sodium chloride or of the disodium salt of EDTA to samples and standards alike. 

Herrmann and Lang (H3) also determined potassium in blood serum. Calibration curves were straight from 1 to 100 mg sodium per liter. One wonders about the sensitivity of their technique since it is stated that the serum dilution used was 1 5. 

Wll. Willis, J. B., The determination of metals in blood serum by atomic absorption spectroscopy—III. (Sodium and Potassium). Spectrochim. Acta 16, 551-558 (1960). 

Sodium ions in blood serum normally are 0.145 M. How many grams of sodium ions are in 10.0 mL of serum ... 

Some types of injections must be isotonic with blood serum. This applies particularly to large volume intravenous infusions if at all possible hypotonic solutions cause lysis of red blood corpuscles and thus must not be used for this purpose. Conversely, hypertonic solutions can be employed these induce shrinkage, but not lysis, of red cells, which recover their shape later. Intraspinal injections must also be isotonic to reduce pain at the site of injection so should intramuscular and subcutaneous injections. Adjustment to isotonicity can be determined from either the depression of freezing point or from sodium chloride equivalents. The depression of the freezing point depends on the... 

Ringer s solution. Physiologic solution containing 0.650 g sodium chloride, 0.014 g potassium chloride, 0.0129 g calcium chloride, 0.020 g sodium bicarbonate, 0.001 g monosodium phosphate, 0.200 g dextrose in 100 g water. It is isotonic with frog blood serum. 

Information on immunological effects in humans after dermal exposure to 2,4-DNP is limited. Three methods of skin testing were performed on 157 people, 117 of whom were patients with hay fever, asthma, or urticaria (Matzger 1934). For the patch test, 10 mg of sodium 2,4-DNP was applied to the forearm or back under waxed paper. For the scratch test, 2 mg sodium 2,4-DNP in saline or 2 drops of a 2% aqueous solution was rubbed on a scarification. For the intradermal test, 0.01-0.02 ml of 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1% sodium 2,4-DNP was introduced in the upper arm. In the indirect or passive transfer test, blood serum from a patient with a violent clinical reaction to DNP was introduced intradermally in nonallergic subjects. After 24 hours, the sites of passive transfer were tested intradermally with 2,4-DNP. The direct tests and the passive transfer test were negative. 

A linear calibration curve is preferred because of its mathematical simplicity and because it makes detecting an abnormal response easy. With linear calibration curves, fewer standards and a linear regression procedure can be used. Nonlinear calibration curves can be employed, but more standards are required to establish the calibration function. A large linear dynamic range is desirable because a wide range of concentrations can be determined without dilution. In some determinations, such as the determination of sodium in blood serum, only a small dynamic range is required because variations of the sodium level in humans are quite small. 

Blood bacterial culture - positive Blood bacterial stain - positive Blood creatinine - increased Blood immunoabsorbent assay - positive Blood liver enzymes - increased Blood sodium - decreased Blood serum creatinine, total - increased Blood WBC - left shift... 

M9. Majoor, C. L. H., The possibility of detecting individual proteins in blood serum by differentiation of solubility curves in concentrated sodium sulfate solution. II. J. Biol. Chem. 169, 583-594 (1947). 

J. Ruzicka, E.H. Hansen, E.A.G. Zagatto, How injection analysis. Part VII. Use of ion-selective electrodes for rapid analysis of soil extracts and blood serum. Determination of potassium, sodium and nitrate, Anal. Chim. Acta 88 (1977) 1. 

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