Sodium acetate hydroxide, hydrolysis

The acidic aqueous layer from the aqueous acetic acid/sodium acetate/pentane hydrolysis of 2-alkylcyclo-hexanonc imines is neutralized with solid potassium hydroxide to pH 14, and then saturated with sodium chloride. This aqueous solution is extracted with four portions of diethyl ether, and the combined ethereal layer is washed with brine. Drying over potassium carbonate and concentration gives an oil which is distilled 85% recovery bp 57-59 °C/0.02 Torr [x]D — 13.75 (c = 5.8, benzene). If the rotation of the distilled amine is lower than 13.40, it is purified via its hydrochloride. Thus, a solution of the amine in ice-cold diethyl ether is treated with dry hydrogen chloride by bubbling through a fritted disk. The amine hydrochloride is collected by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol mp 151-152°C. 

The production of triphenyl tin hydroxide [76-87-9] and triphenyl tin acetate [900-95-8] start with triphenyl tin chloride, which is prepared by the Kocheshkov redistribution reaction from tetraphenyltin and tin tetrachloride. The hydroxide is prepared from the chloride by hydrolysis with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The acetate can be made directiy from the chloride using sodium acetate or from the hydroxide by neutrali2ation with a stoichiometric quantity of acetic acid. 

The 6//-l,3-thiazin-6-iminium hydroperchlorate salts 78-81 give interesting products when treated with nucleophiles <2003H(60)2273>. Hydrolysis of 6-imino-6//-l,3-thiazine hydroperchlorate 78 affords (2Z,4Z)-2-cyano-5-hydroxy-5-phenyM-azapenta-2,4-dienethioamide 82 in excellent yield, while treatment with morpholine gives 2-(morpholinomethylene)malononitrile 83 and thiobenzamide. The 5-(ethoxycarbonyl) -(methylthio)-2-aryl-6/7-l,3-thiazin-6-iminium salts 79 and 80 react with hydroxide or morpholine to afford ethyl 4-(methylthio)-2-aryl-6-thioxo-l,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylates 84 and 85. In the case of the 4-chloro analogue 80, the (Z)-ethyl 2-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-37/-l,2,4-dithiazol-3-ylidene)-2-cyanoacetate 87 is also formed for the reaction with sodium hydroxide. The 1,2,4-dithiazoles 86 and 87 can be obtained as the sole product when 79 and 80 are treated with sodium acetate in DMSO. Benzoxazine 88 is isolated when the iminium salt 81 is treated with morpholine or triethylamine. Nitrile 89 is formed as a ( /Z)-mixture when 6-imino-67/-l,3-thiazine hydroperchlorate 79 is reacted with triethylamine and iodomethane in methanol <2003H(60)2273>. 

While the hydrolysis of triphosphonitrilic chloride with sodium acetate furnishes trimetaphosphimic acid and the hydrolysis of tetraphosphonitrilic chloride with water furnishes tetrametaphosphimic acid, the hydrolysis of pentaphosphonitrilic chloride, P5N5C1i0, with sodium hydroxide in ethereal soln. furnishes sodium pentametaphosphimic acid, PsNsHloO10, or rather the alkali pentameta-phosphimate—sufficient alkali must be present to maintain the alkalinity of the soln. The sodium salts are amorphous, and are precipitated in a gelatinous form by the addition of alcohol to the alkaline soln., or to the soln. neutralized with acetic... 

Figure 1 shows the scheme for the preparation of purified lipid A from endotoxin. S. typhimurium G30/C21 was extracted by the method of Galanos t aK (24) and submitted to one of two different conditions of hydrolysis (a) 0.1 N HC1 [in methanol-water (1 1, v/v)], 100 °C, 45 min, to yield the crude monophosphoryl lipid A (nontoxic), and (b) 0.02 M sodium acetate, pH 4.5, 100 °C for 30 min (two cycles) to yield the crude diphosphoryl lipid A (toxic). The 0.1 N HC1 hydrolysis product was fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column (23). Each of these fractions was then separated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel H (500 ym), with the solvent system chloroform-methanol-waterconcentrated ammonium hydroxide (50 25 4 2, v/v) as previously described (23) to yield TLC fractions 1-7 and 1-9 respectively. 

Benzofuran. Heat under reflux for 8 hours a mixture of 20 g (0.11 mol) of o-formylphenoxyacetic acid, 40 g of anhydrous sodium acetate, 100 ml of acetic anhydride and 100 ml glacial acetic acid. Pour the light brown solution into 600 ml of iced water, and allow to stand for a few hours with occasional stirring to aid the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride. Extract the solution with three 150 ml portions of ether and wash the combined ether extracts with 5 per cent aqueous sodium hydroxide until the aqueous layer is basic the final basic washing phase acquires a yellow colour. Wash the ether layer with water until the washings are neutral, dry the ethereal solution over anhydrous calcium chloride and remove the ether on a rotary evaporator. Distil the residue and collect the benzofuran as a fraction of b.p. 170-172°C. The yield of colourless product is 9.5 g (91%). 

A Hydrolysis is the opposite of neutralization. The acid and base that would need to react to form sodium acetate are NaOH and HC2H302. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base and acetic acid is a weak acid and their combination results in a basic solution. 

Hydrolysis of 3-chloropyridazine 1-oxide with dilute sodium hydroxide solution gives 3-hydroxypyridazine 1-oxide (identical with that synthesized by another method ) and likewise 6-chloro-3-methoxypyridazine 1-oxide (126) with acetic acid and sodium acetate yields 3-methoxy-6-hydroxypyridazine 1-oxide or its tautomeric form, i.e., l-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6(ljH )-pyridazinone (127). ... 

If the salt results from the reaction of a strong base and weak acid (e.g. sodium acetate from reaction of sodium hydroxide and acetic acid), then the solution formed on hydrolysis will be basic, i.e. 

Capillary phenomena may arise from other causes. Thus a solution of ammonium acetate turns both red and blue litmus papers violet. The drops are more bluish in the center and more red at the edge. It appears that the paper hinders the diffusion of ammonium hydroxide to a greater extent than it does the diffusion of acetic acid. The effect is even more evident when the reaction is produced with lead acetate. Around the center of the drop is found a blue region (adsorption of lead hydroxide) which is surrounded by a red region due to the diffusion of the acetic acid. These observations account for the discrepancy found in medical books regarding the reaction of lead acetate. It is impossible to determine accurately the reaction of this salt with litmus paper. It can be done, however, with methyl red solutions. The reaction resulting from the hydrolysis of salts such as sodium acetate and ammonium chloride is demonstrated readily by means of indicator papers. 

Anthrylphosphonic add 167 Anthracene (53.6 g, 0.3 mole), diethyl phosphite (170 ml, 1.33 moles), and di-/er/-butyl peroxide (30.1 ml, 0.168 mole) are heated for 4 h at 150°, whereafter much (120 ml) of the diethyl phosphite is recovered by distillation in a vacuum. The residue is treated with water (200 ml), collected, washed with water, and, for hydrolysis, heated under reflux for 72 h with a mixture of ethanol (500 ml) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (150 ml). The resulting solution is evaporated and the solid residue is heated with 5% aqueous potassium hydroxide (500 ml). Filtration and acidification then precipitate a yellow crude product (38.6 g), m.p. 279-282°, which is washed with water. For purification this product (6.5 g) is stirred with charcoal in a solution of sodium acetate (10 g) in water (100 ml) for 0.5 h at 70°. Filtration and acidification precipitate the white acid which, after drying at 120° in a vacuum, has m.p. 282-283° (dec.) (6.2 g). 

Peroxides are removed from dioxan by shaking it with zinc(n) chloride22 or by filtration through activated aluminum oxide (as for diethyl ether),14 the acetal by hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the acetic acid and water by treatment with potassium hydroxide and sodium. 

Preparation. In the laboratory methane can be prepared by hydrolysis of aluminum carbide (Al Cj) or to a lesser extent beryllium carbide (Be C) or by decomposing sodium acetate with sodium hydroxide. Carbon reacts with pure hydrogen to yield methane at temperatures above 1100°C but the reaction becomes noticeable only above 1500°C. In addition, a catalyst must be used to prevent the formation of acetylene. Commercially methane is only obtained from natural gas (see Section 17.5) or from fermentation of cellulose or sewage sludges. 

Aqueous solutions of salts formed from weak acids and strong bases are basic at the equivalence point (see Figure 3.5). Anions of the dissolved salt are hydrolyzed by the water molecules, and the pH of the solution is raised, indicating that the hydroxide-ion concentration has increased. Aqueous solutions of sodium acetate, NaCH3COO, are basic. The acetate ions, CH3C00 , undergo hydrolysis because they are the anions of the weak acid acetic acid. The cations of the salt are from a strong base, NaOH, and do not hydrolyze, because NaOH is 100% dissociated. 

Hydrogen chloride-sodium hydroxide a-Hydroxyearboxylic acids from cyanohydrin acetates Selective hydrolysis... 

Write the structures of the products of the reaction of (S)-2-bromooctane with sodium acetate followed by hydrolysis with hydroxide ion. What is the configuration of each compound ... 

Although the acetylation of alcohols and amines by acetic anhydride is almost invariably carried out under anhydrous conditions owing to the ready hydrolysis of the anhydride, it has been shown by Chattaway (1931) that phenols, when dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and shaken with acetic anhydride, undergo rapid and almost quantitative acetylation if ice is present to keep the temperature low throughout the reaction. The success of this method is due primarily to the acidic nature of the phenols, which enables them to form soluble sodium derivatives, capable of reacting with the acetic... 

---