Snail, toxicity

The negative effects of TBT have been observed in the bivalve larval development of Crassostrea gigas, Mylilus edulisf Venus gallina, Spams aurata, in Nassarius reticulate and in the hermaphroditic snails Phisa fontinalis and Adelomelon brasiliana Since TBT exerts a variety of toxic actions on some mollusks and fishes , an adverse effect of TBT on human health is a real threat. ... 

The diazoalkanes are toxic substances and aay explode on contact with rough surfaces. Consequently, aany workers prefer not to sake large quantities of these aaterials when only snail quantities are needed for derivatization reactions. Sinple aicro-diazoalkane generators capable of rapidly preparing snail quantities of the reagents, as required, are coaaercially available [499-501]. 

Gomot, A. 1998. Toxic effects of cadmium on reproduction, development, and hatching in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis for water quality monitoring. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 41 288-297. 

No data are available on the toxicity of copper to avian wildlife. All studies with birds and copper use domestic chickens, ducks, or turkeys (Table 3.6). Copper, however, may indirectly affect avian wildlife by curtailing certain prey species. Winger et al. (1984), for example, show that apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) are not only extremely susceptible to copper (LC50 of 24 to 57 pg/L in 96 h immatures most sensitive), but are the primary food of the snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), an endangered species. The decline of the apple snail in southern Florida coincided with the use of copper-diquat to control hydrilla aquatic weeds (Hydrilla verticillata), with serious implications for the snail kite (Winger et al. 1984). 

Soucek, D.J. and G.R Noblet. 1998. Copper toxicity to the endoparasitic trematode (Posthodiplostomum minimum) relative to physid snail and bluegill sumfish intermediate hosts. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2512-2516. 

Mercury-zinc mixtures were more-than-additive in toxicity to oyster larvae (Sprague 1986). Preexposure of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to 50 pg Zn/L for 28 days conferred increased tolerance to 75 pg inorganic mercury/L (Roesijadi and Fellingham 1987). Zinc inhibited the accumulation of mercury in marine snails and crustaceans (Andersen et al. 1989). 

Gupta, P.K. and V.S. Durve. 1984. Evaluation of the toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate, pentachlorophenol and phenol to the snail Viviparus bengalensis (L.). Arch. Hydrobiol. 101 469 475. 

Gupta, P.K. and P.S. Rao. 1982. Toxicity of phenol, pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate to a freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea acuminata (Lamarck). Arch. Hydrobiol. 94 210-217. 

Stuart, R.J. and J.B. Robertson. 1985. Acute toxicity of pentachlorophenol in the freshwater snail, Gillia altilis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 633-640. 

Tchounwou, P.B., Englande, A.J., Jr., and Malek, E.A. Toxicity evalnation of atmnoninm snlphate and urea to three developmental stages of freshwater snails, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 21(3) 359-364, 1991. 

Fish were killed at the 1000 ppm level and daphnids succembed at 100 and 1000 ppm levels. Sediment additions substantially reduced the toxicity at lower treatment levels. Sediment additions decreased total by 6 to 13% in fish, 20 to 40% in algae, 45 to 50% in snails and 55% in daphnids (10 ppm rate). Measureable levels of DDT not diffuse through 1 cm or more of untreated soil into water in one year. Covering pesticide contaminated sediment with soil and sediment in situ is an effective contamination control method under certain aquatic conditions. 

DDT was very toxic to daphnids. As a result, restocking was required at the 100 ppm treatment on days 5, 17, 31 and 40 (Table IV). Repeated restocking at the 1000 ppm treatment failed to maintain a population for more than one day while daphnids survived and reproduced at the 10 ppm rate. Daphnids, because of their large surface-area-to-mass ratio, tended to respond to changes in solution DDT levels more rapidly than did fish or snails. Algae were, of course, not affected by DDT (Table V) and the concentration of in the tissue responded to the solution concentration in a very direct and rapid manner. 

Five isobutylamides were isolated as insect growth inhibitors and toxicants from Fagara macrophylla and identified from their spectroscopic and chemical data. Synthesis and bioassay of the five natural products plus four analogs showed pellitorine to be the most active against a variety of insects, but not against a species of snail. 

Biologically active isobutylamides have been isolated from plants of the Compositae and the Rutaceae. Some of the isohutyla-mides were found to have paralytic and toxic activities against insects, especially when applied topically to several species of Coleopterans and Dipterans.The present work describes the isolation, spectral identification, synthesis, and insect and snail bioassays of five isobutylamides from the Rutaceae plant, Fagara macrophylla. In addition, the synthesis and bioassay of four analogs of the isbbutylamide natural products are described. 

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