Toxic activity

TOXICANT ACTIVE MUD DETECTION RATE,% RESERVE PIT DETECTX)N RATE.%... 

Mc2Sn(cap) and Et2Sn(cap) do not affect the embryonic development Bu2Sn(cap) and Bu2Sn(cap) exert toxic activity on C. intestinalis embryos in the early stages of development. This toxicity is concentration-dependent and is related to the lipophilic properties of the complexes. Cytotoxic... 

NATICH. 1988. National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse (database) Report on state, local, and EPA air toxics activities. Research Triangle Park, NC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. July, 1988. EPA 450/5-88-007. 

Nodularia spwnigena has also been shown to produce a peptide with hepato-toxic activity. The more recent reports come from Australia (76), the German Democratic Republic (77), Denmark (78), Sweden (79), and Finland (80,81). Recently structure information on Nodularia toxin has been presented by Rinehart (97) for waterbloom material collected in Lake Forsythe, New Zealand, in 1984 by Eriksson et al. (81) from waterbloom material collected in the Baltic Sea in 1986, and Runnegar et al. (82) for a field isolate from the Peel Inlet, Perth, Australia. Structure work by Rinehart, Eriksson, and Runnegar all indicate that the peptide is smaller than the heptapeptide toxins. Rinehart s work (97) indicates the toxin is a pentapeptide with a similar structure to the heptapeptides and containing fi-methylaspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, dehydrobutyrine, and ADDA (MW 824). 

The cholinesterase to determine the toxic activity may be chosen (i) in pure form of commercial enzyme from animals in a water buffer solution or using biosensors, enzyme preparation impregnated into a rigid matrix that significantly activates the enzymic activity and (ii) in the form of crude extracts from plant or animal tissues. 

To produce QSAR models, a data set containing chemicals within a specified well-defined end-point is necessary. Since our knowledge about the properties of the natural compounds that surround us is very poor, especially for allelochemicals and toxicological evaluation of synthetic pesticides is well documented (regulators oblige the chemical industry to produce experimental data for synthetic chemicals, before they can be marketed), when allelochemicals toxicity values are not available, pesticides with similar structure can be used in the analysis. Therefore suitable data sets can be defined with pesticides and their activities, to predict the toxicity (activity) of the allelochemicals. 

J.B. Hibbs, R.R. Taintor, Z. Vavrin, and E.M. Rachlin, Nitric-oxide — a cyto-toxic activated macrophage effector molecule. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comnuin. 157, 87-94 (1988). 

Perocco P, Bolognesi S, Alberghini W. 1983. Toxic activity of seventeen industrial solvents and halogenated compounds on human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Toxicol Lett 16 69-75. 

Figure 3 Comparison of several thionins reveals their structural similarity. The structures are color coded for their secondary structure, cyan a-helix, red /3-strand, magenta random coil/turn. (a) a-Purothionin (2plh) and (b) /3-purothionin (1 bhp) have four disulfide bonds, (c) Crambin (1 ejg) has three disulfide bonds. Despite its thionin fold it lacks antimicrobial or other toxic activity, (d) An overlay of crambin (1ejg, black), a-purothionin (2plh, red), /3-purothionin (1 bhp, orange), viscotoxin A3 (ledO, magenta), and viscotoxin B (Ijmp, cyan) from Viscum album reveals the conserved structure of the peptide backbone.

From recent literature it must be coneluded that mushrooms of the genera Inocybe and Clitocybe contain toxic components that are different from muscarine. The severe symptoms reported of an Israeli ehild poisoned with /. tristis therefore departed from what is known of musearine poisoning (Amitai et al., 1982). The toxic activities of C. acromelalga and C. amoenolens, two Clitocybe species containing clitidine and acromelic acid A, respectively, were studied in rats (Fukuwatari et al., 2001 Saviuc et al., 2003). 

To date there is no proof for the inevitability of lead for plant and animal organisms (including humans), whereas its toxic activity is widely known. More reported poisonings involved lead than any other elements (Philip and Gearson, 1994a,b). As early as in 1774, Lind noted that lemon juice stored in lead-enameled containers may cause poisoning. A special royal commission was appointed to study the problem four years later. 

Onitsuka, S.. Kasai. Y.. and Yoshimura, K. Quantitative structure-toxicity activity relationship of fatty acids and the sodium salts to aquatic organisms. Chemosphere, 18(7/8) 1621-1631, 1989. 

Biologically active isobutylamides have been isolated from plants of the Compositae and the Rutaceae. Some of the isohutyla-mides were found to have paralytic and toxic activities against insects, especially when applied topically to several species of Coleopterans and Dipterans.The present work describes the isolation, spectral identification, synthesis, and insect and snail bioassays of five isobutylamides from the Rutaceae plant, Fagara macrophylla. In addition, the synthesis and bioassay of four analogs of the isbbutylamide natural products are described. 

Hernandez-Romero Y, Acevedo L, Sanchez MD, Shier WT, Abbas HK, Mata R, Phyto toxic activity of bibenzyl derivatives from the orchid Epidendrum rigidum, JAgric Food Chem 53 6276—6280, 2005. 

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