Smoking youth

A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between lung cancer and occupational exposure to acrylonitrile (Collins et al. 1989 Delzell and Monson 1982 Kiesselbach et al. 1979 O Berg 1980 O Berg et al. 1985). Flowever, many of the studies suffer from deficiencies such as an insufficient quantification of exposure, short follow-up, small and relatively youthful cohorts or lack of consideration of the effects of smoking, and the results of the studies are often inconsistent. 

Fig. 3 Prevalence of cigarette smoking among youth (figure from Warren 2008)...

Fig. 6 Youth (13-15-years of age) smoking prevalence (constructed from data in global youth tobacco survey 2003 Group GYTSC 2003)...

Leistikow BN, Martin DC, Milano CE (2000a) Estimates of smoking-attributable deaths at ages 15-54, motherless or fatherless youths, and resulting Social Security costs in the United States in 1994. Prev Med 30 353-360... 

Philip Morris (1954) An outline of current and proposed quality control, development and research for Benson and Hedges 540000. 1954. Bates 1001761472-1001761484. http // tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1001761472-1484.html Philip Morris (1964) 650000 Cigarette program objectives and approach. 25 Mar 1964. Bates 1001896774-1001896776. http //tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1001896774-6776.html Philip Morris (1969) Why one smokes. Bates 1003287836-1003287848 Exhibit 3. http // tobaccodocuments.org/youth/NcSrPMl 19690000.An.html Philip Morris (1974) 32. Human smoking habits. Jun 1974. Bates 1001812883-1001812903. 

Wayne GF, Connolly GN (2002) How cigarette design can affect youth initiation into smoking camel cigarettes 1983-93, Tob Control 11 132-139... 

Wilens, T., Biederman, J., Milberger, S., Hahesy, A., Goldman, S., Wozniak, J. and Spencer, T. (2000) Is bipolar disorder a risk for cigarette smoking in ADHD youth Am J Addict 9 187-195. 

Other National Survey data paints a somewhat more hopeful picture, however. Indeed between 1997 and 2001 the number of youth who took up smoking for the first time declined by about a third, suggesting that the regulatory and educational effort to reduce tobacco use is meeting with some success. 

People with anxiety and depression are at greater risk of dependence as nicotine is used as a self-medication to enhance mood. Youths with adjustment problems, who are risk takers, or have extraverted (outgoing) personalities are at increased risk for smoking. Children whose parents are regular smokers are at high risk. 

Joe Camel, the popular cartoon figure created by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, "died" after years of promoting cigarettes in ads that were credited with attracting children to smoke Camels. In 1986, this brand s market share in underage smokers was less than 3 percent. In 1988, Joe Camel was introduced, and by 1993, Camel s youth market share had grown to 13 percent.. According to some anti-tobacco activists, Joe Camel was almost as well known to children as Walt Disney s Mickey Mouse. 

Christopher S. Wren, "Fewer Youths Report Smoking Marijuana," The New York Times, August 7, 1997. 

A historical analysis of tobacco marketing and the uptake of smoking by youth in the United States 1890-1977. Health Psychology, 14, 500-508. 

Anslinger developed this hard-line attitude toward drag users during his youth and early career in the Treasury Department. Bom in Altoona, Pennsylvania, in 1892, he spent his early years attending school and working summers for the Pennsylvania Railroad as an assistant to the railway pohce. He says that he first became alerted to the evils of narcotics when a friend of his, a choirboy, "died from smoking opium."... 

Relationship of atherosclerosis in young men to serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and smoking. A preliminary report from the Patho-biological Determinants of Atherosclerosiis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. JAMA 1990,-264 3018-24. 

Cigarette smoking remains the major preventable cause of premature disability and death in developed countries (Peto et al. 1992). Cigarette smoking is maintained by addiction to nicotine. Nicotine addiction develops in most people before the age of 20 (Department of Health and Human Services 1994). Many youth experiment with cigarettes, but only about 25 percent of high school seniors become addicted smokers (Escobedo et al. 1993). Thus, there appears to be individual variability in susceptibility to nicotine addiction. 

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