SMART concept

Beside the presentation of the SMART concept, the objectives of this paper are (i) to examine how organic contaminant transport is influenced by properties of natural aquifer material and (ii) to show how surfactants may enhance the remediation of sites contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). This is done in an exemplary way by applying the transport model to a simplified field-scale remediation scenario where Phenanthrene (PHE) and the non-ionic surfactant Terrasurf G50 (TG50) are considered as solutes. 

The Smart home approach is the future trend for homes with a lot of home automation and smart concept applications. In all of these, the possibility to create a home and environment that is aware of its occupants and activities to provide services to enhance the quality of life or to help residents to maintain independence as they age. The following examples are just a random collection of them. 

The concept of the Smart Building is new, but the tradition it follows is not Since the time when humans lived in caves, there has been a steady evolution of the structures in which society lives, works, and interacts. The basic concept of the Smart Building will most likely change and adjust as new technologies become available. Most technologies are still hypothetical and will not be implemented for many years. 

From the very beginning, continuous reactor concepts, an alternative to the truly microfabricated reactors, were used, for example, static meso-scaled mixers or HPLCs and other smart tubing (see Iwasaki et al. 2006 for an example). This completed functionality by filling niches not yet covered by microfabricated reactors or even by replacing the latter as a more robust, more easily accessed or more inexpensive processing tool. Further innovative equipment, coming from related developments in the process intensification field, is another source e.g., structured packings such as fleeces, foams, or monoliths. 

Different methods for scale-out have been collected and presented (Lob et al. 2006a). The two main methods are a smart scale-up, at best after having intensified the process, or the internal numbering-up concept. The first route was shown long ago by the Merck production case for an organometallic reaction, changing from micro- to mini-mixers (Krummradt et al. 2000). This route seems to be feasible, as long as... 

Another pilot microstructured reactor uses a smart scale-up of the reactor plate dimensions by a factor of 3.3, each for the width and channel length (see Fig. 13). Stacking further plates is here one concept for future production reactors with another tenfold increase in structured area. 

A nitroglycerine microprocessing plant, developed by IMM for the Chinese class-A company Xi an, is an example of the smart scaled-out concept, showing that just one caterpillar micromixer is sufficient for the continuous production of pharmaceutical-degree nitroglycerine, with a throughput of approximately 15 kg/h (Thayer 2006). 

In particular the recent investigation as part of the project Smart Sol-vents/Smart ligands of the SLPC with PEG and ionic Hquids ( SILP ) as the catalyst carrier opened up new possibihties for the immobihzation of homogeneous catalysts. By increasing the stabihty of the catalytic performance, this concept may have the potential to be kept in mind for industrial catalysis in combination with environmentally benign supercritical or compressed carbon dioxide. In addition, this methodology is able to provide access to some chemical applications and processes because of the easy and facile preparation of the coated materials. 

The human body, for instance, has sensors (eyes, ears, touch receptors in the skin, and so forth), a controller (the brain), and actuators (muscles) to react and respond to commands. These are the same basic concepts as the adaptive systems discussed in this chapter. Robots today, such as the welding machines used in industry or the toy dogs sold as pets, are extremely Umited in mobility and adaptability compared to humans. Yet smart materials, along with a design based on the sensory, nervous, and muscular systems of the body, could one day create an agile and adaptable robot. 

SMART (Solvent Measurement, Assessment, and Revamping Tool) is a software program that allows assessment of solvents used for batch processing based on both empirical data and property estimation methods (Modi et al., 1996). This system includes a new conjugation based method for the estimation of reaction rates in solution, which is based on the concept that the absolute reaction rate coefficient can be obtained from a function dependent on the change in molecular charge distribution between reactants and activated complex (Sherman et al., 1998). Table 9.2 provides a list of solvent substitution resources available on the World Wide Web. 

Laser-guided bombing. A guidance concept devised developed by MICOM (US Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) scientists applicable to bombs, rockets, missiles St artillery shells. The Army technology Si experimental hardware were subsequently used by the Air Force to develop their laser-guided " smart bomb" Army Navy laser-guided missiles have demonstrated unprecedented accuracy in dozens of applications (Ref 3)... 

A general schematic for a smart window is shown in Figure 13.10. This device is, quite literally, two chemically modified electrodes sandwiched together. In this case, the films coating the electrode surfaces are electrochromic materials. A polymer electrolyte, analogous to that used in the fuel cell discussed earlier, is sandwiched between these two electrochromic material-coated electrodes. In a recent example of this concept by Habib and Maheswari of General Motors Research Laboratories [94], the cathodic electrochromic material was a tungsten oxide and the cathodic electrochromic material was the material Prussian blue, discussed in Section II of this chapter. It seems likely that electrochromic cells will soon find their way into the commercial marketplace. 

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