Smart composites

Background methodologies exist, therefore, that could be applied to plastics. These are being developed for composite materials for safety-critical structures, such as aircraft, where assessment of actual fatigue life can be coupled with non-destructive condition monitoring. Smart composites include inbuilt sensors to monitor local cracking and damage. 

The understanding of bio- and chemo-catalytic functionalities, their integration in recognizing materials (doped materials, membranes, tubes, conductive materials, biomarker detection, etc.) and the development of smart composite materials (e.g., bio-polymer-metal) are all necessary elements to reach above objectives. It is thus necessary to create the conditions to realize a cross-fertilization between scientific areas such as catalysis, membrane technology, biotech materials, porous solids, nanocomposites, etc., which so far have had limited interaction. Synergic interactions are the key factor to realizing the advanced nanoengineered devices cited above. 

This formula shows smart composition skill in treating the cause and the manifestations together in sub-acute and chronic conditions of restlessness. 

J. Tani, Present State in Research of Smart Composite Structures, Proceeding of 4th Symposium on Dynamics Related to Electromagnetic Force, Kanazawa, Japan, 309-312, 1992. 

Modern trends in the design of composite materials presuppose the development of intelligent or smart composites [7]. These materials adapt to service conditions either through varying their charge state or physical-chemical structure, or regulation of this adaptation degree by a feedback system [8]. The principle of operation of such smart materials is illustrated in Fig. 1.6. 

The described system (Fig. 1.14) is implemented in the anticorrosion technology via active, adaptive and smart composites. The polymer matrix adds strength to the material and serves as a container for a corrosion inhibitor. The latter can move within the matrix in the liquid phase and liberate into the ambient medium. The channels through which the inhibitor is liberated match a regulation system, which is actuated either spontaneously or under control factors. The thermod mamically non-equilibrium composite structure starts to approach its equilibrium state as the inhibitor is liberated. This process is accompanied by dissipation of the energy accumulated in the composite during forming. 

Echinoderm Collagens Fibre Optimisation in Smart Composites. 320... 

Actin Collagen Fibre Fracture Hydrophobic bond Myosin Nature Self-assembly Silk Smart composite Structural hierarchy Toughness... 

ECHINODERM COLLAGENS FIBRE OPTIMISATION IN SMART COMPOSITES... 

Smart skin (smart composite) n. A composite containing molded-in sensors and micro transmitters that enable aerospace engineers to detect in-flight changes in temperature, strain, ice thickness, and cracks. 

Keywords Inorganic nanocomposite Shape memory polymer Smart composite Stimuli-responsive material... 

A shift toward utilizing physicochemical processes, newer materials, and techniques is inevitable [23]. Processes such as wafer bonding [24], stereolithography [25], and self-assembly [2 can enable complex 3D structure fabrication. Smart composite microstructures [27] of carbon, silicon, polymer, etc., can provide for robust structures with flexible joints. For tools, metals such as stainless steel, platinum-tantalum, and nickel-titanium or natural materials such as gelatin and collagen can be used. 

So-called smart composites are being developed with embedded fiber-optic sensors, which have potential for monitoring of the composite part from the curing stage into its working life and to its ultimate end of life. This technology has... 

Cheng J, et al. Design and analysis of a smart composite pipe joint system integrated with piezoelectric layers under bending. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44(1), 2007, pp. 298-319. 

Lau K T, Zhou L M, Tse P C and Yuan L B (2002), Applications of composites, optical fibre sensors and smart composites for concrete rehabilitation An overview , Appl Compos Mater, 9(4), 221-247. 

Abstract Smart composites based on carbonyl iron powder, micro and nano size Fe304 in ethylene - propylene and acrylonitrile - butadiene rubber were manufactured and studied. Elastomer samples with various volume fractions of magnetic particles were tested. To improve dispersion of applied fillers in polymer matrix, ionic liquids were added during the process of composites preparation. To align particles in elastomer, cross-linking process took place in magnetic field. 

Thiel, B.L. and Viney, C., Spider major ampullate silk (drag line) Smart composite processing based on imperfect crystals. Journal of Microscopy - Oxford, 1997, 185 179-187. 

Sigmund, O., and S. Torquato. 1999. Design of smart composite materials using topology optimization. Smart Materials and Structures 8(9) 365-379. 

Since a system is only as strong as its weakest Unk, every subsystem of a smart composite needs to be inspected in order to assure reliable operation of the whole assembly during its entire in-service lifetime. Therefore, the physical properties of all constituents of the smart composite, the mechanical and environmental behavior, as well as the intended functionality, have to be characterized and checked against technically reasonable references on every assembly step. 

Such complex design of smart composite structures connected with the testing necessity of every subsystem requires selection and application of adapted experimental techniques. A short overview of the common techniques enabling characterization of smart fiber-reinforced composites is presented in the following sections. Stimulated by different levels of measurement, the described techniques have been differentiated into quahtative and quantitative ones. 

Using quantitative methods, specific properties of smart composites are characterized. These include, in the case of sensors, the electric charge resulting from defined deformation of the integrated piezoelectric transducer or in the case of actuators, the resulting deformation of the composite structure caused by defined voltages applied to the transducer. In addition to the characterization of specific properties, quantitative methods can be used for quality assurance and for functional testing of smart composites. 

Apart from the techniques presented in the previous sections, there are numerous approaches that can be applied for the characterization and testing of smart composites. The alternative methods briefly described in this section seem to have the potential to become useful for the characterization of smart fiber-reinforced composites. 

Another technique to characterize the smart composites is constituted on fusion and processing of data from different sources (Katunin et al., 2015). Considering the high sensitivity to the singularities the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is one of the best techniques used for feature detection and identification. 

P6rez, R. A., Won, X-E., Knowles, X C. and Kim, H.-W. (2013). Naturally and synthetic smart composite biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 65,471-496. 

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