Background and Methodologies

Liang, Y. and Kvalheim, O.M., Resolution of two-way data theoretical background and practical problem-solving, Part 1 Theoretical background and methodology, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 370, 694-704, 2001. 

Bishop, C. M., 1995. Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition. Clarendon Press, Oxford Bowden, G.J., Dandy, G.C. and Maier, H.R., 2005. Input determination for neural network models in water resources applications. Part 1-background and methodology. Journal of Hydrology 301, p.75-92. 

QUANTUM CHEMISTRY OF METAL COMPLEXES THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY... 

What is presented is a brief overview of these issues, not a comprehensive discussion of the historical background and methodologies of the traditional... 

Salminen. R. (chief editor) 2005. FOREGS Geochemical Atlas of Europe, Part Background information, methodology, and maps. ESPOO, Geology Survey of Finland. 

Field tests are analytical tests that are normally carried out outside the laboratory (in the field ). Field tests for explosives are usually performed when a rapid, on-site diagnostic detection of explosive materials is required. Thus, they are often carried out on suspects hands and belongings, in post-explosion sites, or in border stations, seaports, and airports. It should be emphasized that they constitute only prehminary examinations, and positive results should not be presented to court unless confirmed by reliable laboratory methods. Because field tests are usually carried out by individuals with no scientific background, their application must be easy, involving simple equipment and methodology. 

The primary sources of information for this study are documented research results published in the countries investigated, accompanied by investigations to clarify the country specific policy background and including expert assessment. The methodology of an expert survey has been chosen for data collection. The expert survey conducted in 18 European countries (all EU-member states, plus Norway, Switzerland and the Czech Republic) uses a questiormaire that consists of two types of questions questions that are to be answered on the basis of literature reviews and expert knowledge, and those based on additional surveys that are to be performed by national experts. 

This document describes the objectives, design, methodology, statistical considerations and organisation of a trial. Other information should be present, such as the background and rationale, for the clinical trial. It is a document key to any clinical trial. There should be a logical approach to preparing a protocol (see Box 7.2). 

This chapter focuses on writing the experimental section of the Project Description, the section in which you tell readers how you will conduct the proposed work. Unlike the experimental section of a journal article, which is written largely after a work has been completed, here you describe proposed methodology. Reviewers, after reading this section, should be convinced that the work is plausible and that the investigator has the background and expertise necessary to carry out the proposed work. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to do the following ... 

This book consists of eight chapters. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 give methodological background and reviews. Chapters 5 to 8 carry the applications both in the field of analytical chemistry and pharmaceutical formulations. Since the field of which this book tries to give an overview is still under active research, this book is by no means a monograph with well established and tested methods. There are still a lot of questions and open ends. This book, however, does give some ideas how to tackle the problems of robustness. 

It is recommended that the protocol be divided into three major sections Section I, which discusses the background and validation methodology Section II, which contains areas in which data collected during validation can be documented and Section III, a section for the various attachments that will be involved. It should be understood that the contents of these sections may reside in validation-specific SOPs. Even if appropriate SOPs have been created, however, there is no assurance that the statements will be reflected in the execution of the validation. Contents of each of these three sections are discussed in the following sections of this chapter. 

Salminen, R. (chief-editor), Batista, M. J., Bidovec, M., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Duris, M., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., Halamic, J., Heitzmann, P., Lima, A., et al. (2005). Geochemical Atlas of Europe, Part 1, Background Information, Methodology and maps. 526 p. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo (also available http //www.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/). 

The DIERS Project Manual (published by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers) is a helpful compendium for experienced safety-relief system engineers. Extensive background and experience are required to properly understand and apply the methodology. Help is available from the DIERS contractors and the DIERS Users Group. 

Provided here is an up-to-date compilation of lignin methodology Theoretical background and practical procedures are combined and whenever possible a procedure is presented in sufficient detail to enable the reader to perform the analysis solely by following the step-by-step description. The range of use of a method, its advantages and limitations are discussed. Moreover, typical analytical data are shown and compared with results obtained from other methods. 

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