Cooling Industrial

As discussed before, low-temperature HTFs are used in several applications such as reactor cooling, industrial and supermarket refrigeration, lyophilization, and environmental chambers. Both aqueous and non-aqueous HTFs have been developed for these applications. Engineers routinely deal with various issues and... 

Kopp, S. Homer, C.H. Air-Cooled Industrial Heat Exchangers. Petroleum Refiner, June 1954, p. 151. 

Also using XRD techniques. Regourd (1979) stated that in slowly cooled industrial clinker alpha belite was not detected, but in rapidly cooled, air-quenched clinker, alpha belite amounted to 3.0 percent. 

Lee, K.Y. and Aris, R. (1963) Optimal adiabatic bed reactors for sulfur dioxide with cold shot cooling. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development,... 

Agar occurs as a cell-wall constituent of the red marine algae Rho ophyceae, from which it is extracted by hot water, and marketed as a dry powder, flakes, or strips. It dissolves in hot water and sets on cooling to a jelly at a concentration as low as 0-5%. Its chief uses are as a solid medium for cultivating micro-organisms, as a thickener, emulsion stabilizer in the food industry and as a laxative. 

Chemical Gas Detection. Spectral identification of gases in industrial processing and atmospheric contamination is becoming an important tool for process control and monitoring of air quaUty. The present optical method uses the ftir (Fourier transform infrared) interference spectrometer having high resolution (<1 cm ) capabiUty and excellent sensitivity (few ppb) with the use of cooled MCT (mercury—cadmium—teUuride) (2) detectors. 

Some industrial processes produce predorninately latent air conditioning loads. Others dictate very low humidities and when the dew point falls below 0°C, free2ing becomes a major concern. Dehydration equipment, using soHd sorbents such as siUca gel and activated alurnina, or Hquid sorbents such as lithium chloride brine and triethylene glycol, may be used. The process is exothermic and may require cooling the exiting air stream to meet space requirements. Heat is also required for reactivation of the sorbent material. 

Large quantities of fat are used from the fast food industry these fats may have dissolved plastics from restaurant wrappers which can restrict spray no22le orifices as the fats cool duting sprayiag on pet foods (see Fats and fatty oils). 

A. R. Shirley and co-workers, EixedEailing Curtain Granulation of Urea UsingEvaporative Cooling 29 th Annual Meeting of the Eertilicyer Industry Round Table, Washington, D.C., Oct.—Nov. 1979. 

Aqueous media, such as emulsion, suspension, and dispersion polymerization, are by far the most widely used in the acryUc fiber industry. Water acts as a convenient heat-transfer and cooling medium and the polymer is easily recovered by filtration or centrifugation. Fiber producers that use aqueous solutions of thiocyanate or zinc chloride as the solvent for the polymer have an additional benefit. In such cases the reaction medium can be converted directiy to dope to save the costs of polymer recovery. Aqueous emulsions are less common. This type of process is used primarily for modacryUc compositions, such as Dynel. Even in such processes the emulsifier is used at very low levels, giving a polymerization medium with characteristics of both a suspension and a tme emulsion. 

The fuels Hsted in Table 2 are generally representative of fuels to be encountered over the range of industrial furnaces and, depending on the type (cooled or refractory wall), exhibit operating temperatures considerably different from adiabatic values. The choice of fuel is dependent upon a number of factors including cost, availabiUty, cleanliness, emissions, reflabiUty, and operations. Small furnaces tend to bum cleaner, easier to use fuels. Large furnaces can more effectively use coal. 

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