Size methods soaps

Since the early days of machine made paper in the first half of the nineteenth century, the most widely applied method of Internal sizing has been the use of naturally occurring resinous materials ("rosins") in conjunction with an aluminium salt, usually aluminium sulphate (called "alum" by paper-makers). Various forms of rosin sizes (rosin soaps, rosin emulsions, fortified rosins) have been developed over the years to improve the process, but these variants still involve the use of alum as a means of ensuring that fibres retain a layer of size. 

EXPERIMENTAL The sampling and analytical method employed in determining the various solvent vapor concentrations in air are described in detail by White etal (A)and NIOSH (2), Four Bendix National Environmental Instruments Model BDX 30 Personal Samplers were used daily (one in each laboratory) with large size charcoal tubes (SKC cat no. 226-09-100) which contained two sections of activated charcoal per tube (a 400 milligram section followed by a 200 mg backup section to indicate when "breakthrough" of the main section has occurred). The sampling pumps were operated at a rate of one liter per minute and were calibrated by means of an Environmental Compliance Corporation Model 302 Universal Pump Calibrator (a device that generates a thin film of soap which is carefully timed as it traverses a very... 

Measurement of characteristics of the emulsion droplets in concentrated media is indeed a difficult task. Some indirect methods have been used. The interfacial area and therefore the droplet size were determined by measuring the critical micelle concentration of miniemulsions [43]. Erdem et al. determined droplet sizes of concentrated miniemulsions via soap titration, which could be confirmed by CHDF measurements [44]. Droplet sizes without diluting the system can much better be estimated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements [23]. 

Most monomers polymerizing by the radical mechanism are almost insoluble in water. Intensive stirring of a mixture of such a monomer with water produces an emulsion which remains stable, however, only in the presence of a surface active compound (tenside), e. g. soap. By the addition of a water-soluble initiator to this emulsion, the monomer polymerizes at a rate several times higher than would be observed by any other radical method with an initiator of equal efficiency. At the same time, a higher polymer with a narrower molecular mass distribution is formed. At the initial stages of the reaction, the monomer is present as three types of particle in tenside-stabilized monomer droplets of diameter 10-3 to 10 4cm (about 1012 such droplets are present in 1 cm3 of emulsion of average concentration) in solubilized micelles about 10 nm in size and concentration 1018 cm 3 and in the growing, emulsifier-stabilized monomer—polymer particles 50-100 nm in size. This situation is illustrated schematically in Fig. 14(a). 

Rosin is a non-reaclive prodnct and is retained on the anionic fibre by either attaching itself to a cationic source in the case of rosin soap, or anionic rosin emulsion or by having a cationic surface charge. The main requirement is that it requires a source of aluminium species to form the actual sizing agent, aluminium rosinate. Rosin is normally modified with maleic anhydride or fumaric acid to increase its reactivity with aluminium species and improve its efficiency at higher pH. The method by which this aluminium species is formed and retained in the wet-end of the paper/ board machine differs between anionic and cationic rosin sizes. 

Practically the only commercial successful innovations made by Finnish chemists in the early 20th century were related to tall oil soap and some other byproducts of woodpulping. The Finnish scholar Alfons Hellstrom discovered two more natural terpenes from juniper resin, invented methods for distilling tall oil under vacuum from sulphate pulping waste, and developed commercially applicable processes for the manufacture of tall oil soap and the use of rosin acids from tall oil for paper sizing. Such distillations of tall oil became an important industry not only in Finland but also in many other countries. By 1939, the sales of tall oil soap conquered a third of the Finnish detergent market. ... 

Polyferrocenylsilanes can be fabricated into films, shapes, and fibers using conventional polymer processing techniques. The dimethyl derivative 3.22 (R=R = Me), which has been studied in the most detail, is an amber, film-forming thermoplastic (Fig. 3.7a) which shows a Tg at 33°C and melt transitions (T ) in the range 122-145 °C. The multiple melt transitions arise from the presence of crystallites of different size, which melt at slightly different temperatures [65, 100). Poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) 3.22 (R=R =Me) can be melt-processed above 150°C (Fig. 3.7b) and can be used to prepare crystalline, nanoscale fibers (diameter 100 nm to 1 pm) by electrospinning. In this method, an electric potential is used to produce an ejected jet from a solution of the polymer in THF, which subsequently stretches, splays, and dries. The nanofihers of different thickness show different colors due to interference effects simUar to those seen in soap bubbles... 

Soap In-Use Properties and Recrystallization The soap bar in-use properties such as hardness, hydration and wear rate, mush layer and lather volume, etc., are influenced strongly not only by the crystalline phase structure (including the liquid crystalline phase) but also by the shape and size of the crystalline phases. These influences are strongly dependent on the formulations, the processing methods, i.e., high or low shear, and the processing temperatures. 

Modified tests even proposed modifications in the application pattern. A fi-equently used procedure has been described by Simion et al. [66] and consists of two successive occlusive applications of 24 h. Irritation is determined 3 h after patch removal by visual and instrumental assessments. The method is appropriate to determine skin barrier damages and inflammation by mild-surfactant-based products. Due to the absence of long drying periods between patches, the method is much less used than the classical Frosch-Kligman Soap Chamber Test to investigate the skin-drying potential of products unless skin is reevaluated for this parameter 3—5 days after last patch removal [67]. A panel size of 20-25 volunteers is usually considered for this type of test. 

---