Situ Approaches

All the XRD and EXAFS cells discussed in the preceding paragraph have some severe drawbacks. The range of pressures and temperatures is typically quite limited. Furthermore, the local surroundings of the catalyst are very different from those encountered in normal catalytic reactors, whereby gas flows through a catalyst bed. Thus, the cell will unavoidably exhibit some unusual concentration, flow, and temperature gradients and 

Comparison of Methanol Synthesis Data Obtained in the in Situ Cell with Those of a Laboratory Pilot Reactor 

Component In situ cell Laboratory pilot reactor 

The preceding setup allows both X-ray diffraction (32) and absorption experiments (33, 34). The capillary geometry was used until about 30 years ago for ex situ XRD studies in connection with the placement of Lindemann tubes in powder Debye-Scherrer cameras. At that time, films were used to detect the diffracted X-rays. Today, this cumbersome technique has been almost completely replaced as modern detectors are used. 

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The second part of this work will be dedicated to the start of the game what are the pieces motions How can the adsorbed molecules react on the surface and among all the playground, where does the real action take place This is the so-called in situ approach for which techniques such as temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) or transient analysis by pulse injection have been developed. 

Now that we have described the catalytic playground and the different places where the reaction can take place, we will concentrate on the molecules reactivity using the in situ approach. 

A similar in situ approach to alkoxide formation employs the readily accessible tris(amide)-Y(NTMS2)3, (293), and PrOI 1.881 In the absence of alcohol the polymerization of CL is fast but not controlled (Mw/Mn > 3). However, upon addition of alcohol, a controlled living system with polydispersities 1.1-1.2 results. At least 50 equivalents of PrOH may be added (the excess effects rapid chain transfer) with molecular weights in good agreement with theoretical values. Similar results have been reported using Nd(NTMS2)3, (294), and PrOH.882 The reactions of PrOH with (292) and (293) have both been studied by NMR, and in both cases Y5(/r5-0)(0 Pr)13 is not... 

The problems associated with the in situ approaches can be avoided by using a discrete catalyst. The presumed structure of the monometallic palladium catalyst contains the sulfonated phosphine ligand chelated to the palladium and a palladium-carbon bond (polymer), most probably in cis geometry with respect to the phosphorous (Fig. 8). 

The combination of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) provides an effective in-situ approach for studying the electrode-electrolyte interface. The extreme sensitivity to surface species of SERS is well known. By using polarization modulation of the infrared beam for IRRAS, the complete band shape is obtained without modulating the electrode potential. 

In general, the various synthesis strategies for nanocarbon hybrids can be categorized as ex situ and in situ techniques [3]. The ex situ ( building block ) approach involves the separate synthesis of the two components prior to their hybridization. One can rely on a plethora of scientific work to ensure good control of the component s dimensions (i.e. size, number of layers), morphology (i.e. spherical nanoparticles, nanowires) and functionalization. The components are then hybridized through covalent, noncovalent or electrostatic interactions. In contrast, the in situ approach is a one-step process that involves the synthesis of one of the components in the pres-... 

Noncovalent interactions such as van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, n-n stacking and electrostatic interactions have been widely used to hybridize pristine nanocarbons via ex situ approaches. The major advantage of this route is that the nanocarbons do not require modification prior to hybridization and their structure remains undisturbed, an important factor in many electronic applications. The strength of hybridization is weaker compared to covalent interactions but the synthetic process is generally simpler. Noncovalent attachment of small molecules to nanocarbons is often used to change the surface chemistry for subsequent ex situ or in situ hybridization. 

The surface chemistry of the nanocarbon is required to be suitable for the chosen molecular precursor. In contrast to the ex situ approach, functionalization of the nanocarbon is not explicitly required, however the presence of functional groups and... 

This chapter demonstrates the huge variety of synthesis techniques available for the preparation of nanocarbon hybrids, which can be categorized into ex situ and in situ approaches. 

In general, there are two possibilities to prepare nanocarbon-supported metal(oxide) catalysts. The in situ approach grows the catalyst nanoparticles directly on the carbon surface. The ex situ strategy utilizes pre-formed catalyst particles, which are deposited on the latter by adsorption [94]. Besides such solution-based methods, there is also the possibility of gas phase metal (oxide) loading, e.g., by sputtering [95], which is used for preparation of highly loaded systems required for electrochemical applications not considered here. 

Monolithic columns with the chiral anion exchange-type selectors incorporated into the polymer matrix obtained through in situ copolymerization process of a chiral monomer (in situ approach) [80-83,85] or attached to the surface of a reactive monolith in a subsequent derivatization step (postmodification strategy) [84], both turned out to be viable routes to enantioselective macroporous monolithic columns devoid of the limitations of packed columns mentioned earlier. 

Relative to the controversy associated with the mechanism of SEI formation, there is less uncertainty in the knowledge about the chemical composition of the SEI, due mainly to the exhaustive surface spectroscopic studies carried out by Aurbach and coworkers on carbonaceous anodes in various nonaque-ous electrolytes, adopting both in situ and ex situ approaches. Table 6 lists the chemical... 

A. Briieckner, G. Scholz, D. Heidemaim, M. Schneider, D. Herein, U. Bentrup and M. Kant, Structural evolution of H4PVM011O40.XH2O during calcination and isobutane oxidation new insights into vanadium sites by a comprehensive in situ approach, J. Catal., 245, 369-380 (2007). 

Morphological structures and properties of a series of poly(ethyl acrylate)/clay nanocomposites prepared by the two distinctively different techniques of in situ ATRP and solution blending were studied by Datta et al. [79]. Tailor-made PNCs with predictable molecular weights and narrow polydispersity indices were prepared at different clay loadings. WAXD and studies revealed that the in situ approach is the better option because it provided an exfoliated morphology. By contrast, conventional solution blending led only to interlayer expansion of the clay gallery. 

Fifty years have elapsed since the first major surge occurred in the development of the Athabasca oil sands. The main effort has been devoted to the development of the hot water extraction process 13 significant projects utilizing this process are reviewed in this paper. However, many other techniques have also been extensively tested. These are classified into several basic concepts, and the mechanism underlying each is briefly described. A critical review of K. A. Claries theories concerning the flotation of bitumen is presented, and his theories are updated to accommodate the different mechanisms of the primary and secondary oil recovery processes. The relative merits of the mining and in situ approaches are discussed, and an estimate is made of the probable extent of the oil sand development toward the end of this century. 

The Yatmguchi procedure constitutes another m-situ approach to the activation of carboxylic adds. Ileie the activated species is a mixed anhydride formed with trichlorobenzoic acid chloride (see Chapter 6). 

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