In-situ Polymerization Approaches

Although all in-situ polymerization techniques take place as the monomer is polymerized in the presence of a catalyst supported on the clay interlayer spaces, they can be divided into three main categories  

Each of these categories will be discussed below in more detail. In-situ production of alkylaluminoxanes can be used with any of the three methods and will be covered next. Finally, some alternative supporting methods will also be explored in the remaining of this section. 

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X.L. Ma, M. Wang, G. Li, H.Z. Chen, and R. Bai, Preparation of polyaniline-Ti02 composite film with in situ polymerization approach and its gas-sensitivity at room temperature. Mater. Chem. Phys., 98, 241-247 (2006). 

Kaynak and coworkers [82,128] later reported on the effect of different dopant anions incorporated in the polypyrrole-coated textiles on the heat generation of these materials. The polypyrrole layer was deposited onto a polyester/Lycra fabric using the in situ polymerization approach and was doped with anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, or perchlorate. At an applied voltage of 24 V, the polypyrrole-coated fabrics, from all the four different dopant systems showed an increase in temperature with the anthraquinone-2-sulfonate-doped polypyrrole coating the most effective heat generator (AT 20°C) whereas the sodium perchlorate dopant system was the least effective (AT 3°C). The power density per unit area achieved in the anthraquinone-2-sulfonate-doped polypyrrole-coated fabric was 430 W/m, 200 W/m for naphthalene-2-sulfonate, 150 W/m for p-toluenesulfonate, and 55 W/m for perchlorate, respectively. 

In contrast, the in situ polymerization approach for depositing an intractable ICP, such as polypyrrole, onto an existing textile substrate has still been the most effective approach for fabricating electrically conductive textiles from these intractable ICPs. This technique has been successfiilly converted from laboratory into commercial production for producing large quantities of these textiles using a relatively inexpensive aqueous-based process. 

Bergman, J. S., Chen, H., Giarmelis, E. R, Thomas, M. G., and Coates, G. W. 1999. Synthesis and characterization of polyolefin-silicate nanocomposites A catalyst intercalation and in situ polymerization approach. 

Using furfuryl alcohol, recently Pranger and Tarmenbatrm (2008) employed an in situ polymerization approach to produce polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) nanocomposites without the use of solvents or surfactants. On the one hand, furfuryl alcohol (FA) has a dual function, serving both as an effective dispersant for MMT clay nanoparticles and as the matrix precursor for the in situ polymerization. 

Polyurethane Nanocomposites by In-situ Polymerization Approach and Their Properties... 

This chapter aims to give an overview on the recent advances in the synthesis of PCNs through the in-situ 1,3-butadiene homo- and copolymerization technique. To this purpose, we distinguished in-situ polymerization approaches on the basis of the polymerization method anionic or insertion/coordinative. However, before discussing on the topic of this chapter, we wish to briefly recall some peculiar aspects of clay minerals, PNs, and their methods of preparation. 

Zeng, H.L. Gao, C. Wang, Y.P. Watts, P.C.P. Kong, H. Cui, X.W. Yan, D.Y. (2006a). In situ polymerization approach to multiwalled carbon nanotubes-reinforced nylon 1010 composites Mechanical properties and aystaUization behavior. Polymer, 47, 113-122. 

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