Simultaneous ICP-OES

Simultaneous ICP-OES. The simultaneous ICP-OES measures all elements at the same time. A large number of samples can be analysed in a short period of time making it useful for rapid analysis. They are very expensive and are used where routine multiple sample analysis is required on a regular basis, usually on the same elements and samples. Most simultaneous instruments are custom designed for a selection of elements at specific wavelengths and some instruments can have between 10 and 100 slits and are factory fixed for selected elements. Typical applications would be in the water industries where analysis for metal content would be important for health reasons, in the water supply to power stations where analysis is usually carried out before and after treatment prior to use so as to avoid contamination of turbine blades, in the food industries, in mineral exploration or any other routine analysis where metal analysis requirements do... 

Fig. 91. Background correction with a computer-controlled simultaneous ICP-OES spectrometer.

Fig. 101. Precision achievable in the analysis of high-temperature superconducting powders by sequential and simultaneous ICP-OES [402],...

Figure 14.1 Atomic emission spectrometer. Basic concept and an example of a bench model of spectrometer, the Vista-Pro, CCD simultaneous ICP-OES (courtesy of Varian Inc, USA)...

ICP-MS is also a rapid multielement technique. The sample throughput of a qua-drupole-based ICP-MS that represents the majority of instruments being used for routine applications is similar to that of a simultaneous ICP-OES system, and is typically 20-30 elemental determinations in a few minutes, depending on such factors as the concentration levels and the precision required. 

The possibilities of simultaneous background correction in the case of a two-channel spectrometer have been described in early ICP papers by Meyers and Tracy [459]. In the case of brass alloys with internal standardization, RSDs below 0.1% can be obtained with simultaneous ICP-OES spectrometers for copper and zinc, where ICP-OES comes near to the precision achievable with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for metal analysis [460]. 

A Atomic Absorption Anaiysis and inductiveiy Coupied Piasma Anaiysis The total metal loading of Fe and Ni in the membrane was analyzed using Varian Fast Sequential AA spectrometer (SpectraAA 220/FS) interfaced with SpectraAA V-3.0 for quantitative analysis. The Pd content in the membrane was determined using Varian Vista-Pro Simultaneous ICP-OES machine. The use of ICP for Pd analysis is due to the expected low Pd content in the membrane that required an analytical method with high sensitivity at low detection limit. Five-point linear calibration curves for Fe, Ni, and Pd were constructed and the results were correlated accordingly. The calibration curves were periodically checked with solutions appropriately diluted using standards obtained from Ultra Scientific (Pd = 1000 mg/L) and Fisher Scientific (Fe and Ni = 1000 mg/L). 

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

ICP-OES is one of the most successful multielement analysis techniques for materials characterization. While precision and interference effects are generally best when solutions are analyzed, a number of techniques allow the direct analysis of solids. The strengths of ICP-OES include speed, relatively small interference effects, low detection limits, and applicability to a wide variety of materials. Improvements are expected in sample-introduction techniques, spectrometers that detect simultaneously the entire ultraviolet—visible spectrum with high resolution, and in the development of intelligent instruments to further improve analysis reliability. ICPMS vigorously competes with ICP-OES, particularly when low detection limits are required. 

Another aspect of modern analytical chemistry is the possibility of multi-component analysis. Especially spectroscopic and chromatographic methods are able to detect and determine a large number of species simultaneously. Therefore, such methods like ICP-OES, ICP-MS, TXRF, and chromatography are the work-horses in today s analytical chemistry. 

The availability of solid-state detectors (such as the charge-coupled detector, CCD) makes it possible to acquire simultaneously significant portions of the spectra or even the entire rich spectra obtained by ICP-OES in the UV-Vis region, thus providing a large amount of data. The commercial availability of ICP-OES instruments with these multichannel detectors has significantly renewed interest in this technique. However, some limitations, such as the degradation of the spectral resolution compared with photomultiplier-based dispersive systems, still remain. 

The overall response of a simultaneous Tinned mussels ICP-OES Modified... 

Iberian Peninsula, production centers, majolica pottery found on Canary Islands, 384, 385-398 Icelandic Norse-trading site, sulfur materials, simultaneous co-incident x-ray micro-fluorescence and microdiffraction analyses, 204-205 ICP-MS. See Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ICP-OES. See Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. 

Induced Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP). An even more sensitive instrument has been developed to detect and quantitate, simultaneously, all inorganic species contained with a sample matrix. One such system is the ICP-OES (optical emission spectrometer) (Figure 25.5). The ICP-OES takes an aliquot of sample that has been acid digested and mixes it with a gas (e.g., argon) forming a plasma (i.e., an ionized gas) that is channeled into a nebulizer. Energy is applied to excite the atoms that are converted by the optics of the instrument into individual wavelengths. The... 

ICP-OES is an analytical system that can do simultaneous or sequential determination of up to 50 elements at all concentration levels with a high degree of accuracy and precision. Excellent vaporization-atomization-excitation-ionization is obtained with an argon-supported ICP operated at atmospheric pressure. The emitted spectra is observed with a polychromator or a scanning spectrometer may be used depending on whether simultaneous or sequential determinations are desired. This atomization-excitation process does not exhibit interelenent effects often seen in AAS, and ppb range detection is routine. Effective nebulization of samples needs to be improved on however, ICP and direct-current (DC) plasmas are extremely effective atomization sources that provide the most effective instrumental technique for simultaneous elemental analysis. 

Contemporary methods of trace analysis such as NAA, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS make possible simultaneous determination of several elements. Determination of only one or two elements is relatively rarely, requested. Therefore the CRM certified for many trace elements helps to save time and money. 

Other Analytical Techniques Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) or ICP AES can be used to simultaneously determine an average of 70 elements in a wide diversity of matrices. The benefits of this technique are as follows [16] ... 

Fassel, V.A., Peterson, C.A., Kniseley, R.N. and Abercombie, F.N. (1976) Simultaneous determination of wear metals in lubricating oils by ICP-OES, Analytical Chemistry, 48, pp516-519. 

The design of the combined ICP-OES/ETV instruments allows the vapours from the ETV unit to be swept into the plasma fitted with an axial or radial torch, with which simultaneous measurements can be obtained using a rapid CCD detector. 

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