Nebulization effect

The physical properties of the liquid sample (a, tj and p) also influence d0, the efficiency and the analytical signals. Differences in the physical properties of the liquid samples to be analyzed thus lead to so-called nebulization effects, tj has a large influence. It influences d0 through the second term in Eq. (218). However, in the case of free sample aspiration it also influences do through Ql, which is given by the Poiseuille law as ... 

A u is the difference between the pressure inside and outside the nebulizer, h is the height and /(correction factor. In order to minimize the nebulization effects one can utilize forced feeding with a peristaltic pump, a result of which is that QL is no longer a function of t]. One also can operate the nebulizer at a high gas flow, by which Eq. (218) reduces to ... 

Physical interferences may arise from incomplete volatilization and occur especially in the case of strongly reducing flames. In steel analysis, the depression of the Cr and Mo signals as a result of an excess of Fe is well known. It can be reduced by adding NH4C1. Further interferences are related to nebulization effects and arise from the influence of the concentration of acids and salts on the viscosity, the density and the surface tension of the analyte solutions. Changes in physical properties from one sample solution to another influence the aerosol formation efficiencies and the aerosol droplet size distribution, as discussed earlier. However, related changes of the nebulizer gas flows also influence the residence time of the particles in the flame. 

Nebulization effects As discussed earlier, differences in the physical properties of the different sample and calibration solutions lead to variations in the aerosol droplet size and thus also in the efficiency of the nebulizer and the sample introduction. This effect is strongest in the case of free sample aspiration and relatively low nebulizer gas flow and can be minimized (see Section 3.1). 

The preference of the tin radical for the olefin can be due to the low solubility of oxygen in organic solvents. The oxygen concentration is probably kept to a constant and sufficient level by the improved contact between the gas and the sonicated solution (nebulization effect). The carbon radical which reacts with oxygen gives a peroxyl radical. From alkynes, the vinyl radical formed by addition of the trialkyltin group is more reactive towards the tin hydride, and preferential reduction occurs without any hydroxystannylation. 

In the analysis of geological samples [243], sample dissolution is important with respect to both nebulization effects and ionization interference. 

Hoang, T. T, May, S. W., and Browner, R. F. (2002) Developments with the oscillating capillary nebulizer effects of spray chamber design, droplet size and turbulence on analytical signals and analyte transport efficiency of selected biochemically important organoselenium compounds. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17,1575-81. 

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