Signal Transduction Systems

Takeuchi O, Akira S Toll-like receptors their physiological role and signal transduction system. Int Immunopharmacol 2001 1 625-635. 

While the fluid mosaic model of membrane stmcture has stood up well to detailed scrutiny, additional features of membrane structure and function are constantly emerging. Two structures of particular current interest, located in surface membranes, are tipid rafts and caveolae. The former are dynamic areas of the exo-plasmic leaflet of the lipid bilayer enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids they are involved in signal transduction and possibly other processes. Caveolae may derive from lipid rafts. Many if not all of them contain the protein caveolin-1, which may be involved in their formation from rafts. Caveolae are observable by electron microscopy as flask-shaped indentations of the cell membrane. Proteins detected in caveolae include various components of the signal-transduction system (eg, the insutin receptor and some G proteins), the folate receptor, and endothetial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Caveolae and lipid rafts are active areas of research, and ideas concerning them and their possible roles in various diseases are rapidly evolving. 

The structural design of nerve cells is a striking example of dendritic architecture, which acts as a signal transduction system. Neurons are known to send out a series of long specialized processes that will either receive electrical signals (dendrites) or transmit these electrical signals (axons) to their target cells (Fig. 5.40). 

R Genes Cis Elements, Trans-factors and Signal Transduction Systems in the Lens, Joram Piatigorksy and Peggy S. Zelen-ka, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland. Subject Index. 

Jope RS. Lithium and brain signal transduction systems. Biochem Pharm 1994 77 429-441. 

Other enzymes present in myelin include those involved in phosphoinositide metabolism phosphatidylinositol kinase, diphosphoinositide kinase, the corresponding phosphatases and diglyceride kinases. These are of interest because of the high concentration of polyphosphoinositides of myelin and the rapid turnover of their phosphate groups. This area of research has expanded towards characterization of signal transduction system(s), with evidence of G proteins and phospholipases C and D in myelin. 

Normalizes or inhibits secondary messenger systems (e.g, inhibits phos-phoinositide and adenylate cyclase signaling normalizes guanine nucleotidebinding protein [G protein] signal transduction system) ... 

A proprietary organo-V(IV) compound, KP-102, produced by Kinetek Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is currently in phase II clinical trials. KP-102, as an orally active insulin sensitizer, appears to work by acting through the intracellular signal transduction system, rather than eliciting insulin release or affecting the insulin... 

The balance of opposing pro- and anti-platelet forces determines the overall hemostatic response. Successful hemostasis is achieved when assorted signal-transduction systems, mediators, white blood cells, and platelet receptors for agonists and adhesion molecules overcome the local resistance against platelet activation to generate... 

Lastly, both myristoylation and palmitoylation may occur dynamically, and their reactions may be used as regulatory switches for the signal transduction systems (Milligan et al., 1995 McLaughlin and Aderem, 1995). 

A multicomponent signal transduction system controls H2-dependent bydro-genase gene expression in R. eutropha... 

J. B. Stock M. G. Surett M. Levit P. Park, Two-Component Signal Transduction System Structure-Function Relationship and Mechanisms of Catalysis. In Two-Component Signal Transduction] J. A. Hoch, T. J. Silhavy, Eds. ASM Press Washington, DC, 1995 pp 25-51. 

Greenlund AC, Farrar MA, Viviano BL, Schreiber RD. Ligand induced interferon-gamma receptor tyrosine phosphorylation couples the receptor to its signal transduction system (p912). EMBO J 1994 13 1591-1600. 

Georgellis, D. Kwon, O. De Wulf, P. Lin, E.C. Signal decay through a reverse phosphorelay in the Arc two-component signal transduction system. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 32864-32869 (1998)... 

Fabret, C. Hoch, J.A. A two-component signal transduction system essential for growth of Bacillus subtilis imphcations for anti-infective therapy. J. Bacteriol., 180, 6375-6383 (1998)... 

Qian, Y. Tabita, ER. A global signal transduction system regulates aerobic and anaerobic CO2 fixation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. BacterioL, 178, 12-18 (1996)... 

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