Intracellular signal transduction

The augmentation of a p sheet in one protein by a strand emanating from another is a mode of protein association not restricted to viral shells. Small domains involved in intracellular signal transduction bind to "arms" of other proteins by presenting the edge of a sheet on which those arms can form an additional strand. 

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), although some of them additionally play a role in intracellular signal transduction. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (SIP) and... 

The smooth muscle cell does not respond in an all-or-none manner, but instead its contractile state is a variable compromise between diverse regulatory influences. While a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber is at complete rest unless activated by a motor nerve, regulation of the contractile activity of a smooth muscle cell is more complex. First, the smooth muscle cell typically receives input from many different kinds of nerve fibers. The various cell membrane receptors in turn activate different intracellular signal-transduction pathways which may affect (a) membrane channels, and hence, electrical activity (b) calcium storage or release or (c) the proteins of the contractile machinery. While each have their own biochemically specific ways, the actual mechanisms are for the most part known only in outline. 

Lo, H-M, C-F Hung, Y-L Tseng, B-H Chen, J-S Jian, and W-B Wu. 2007. Lycopene binds PDGF-Bb and inhibits PDGD-BB-induced intracellular signaling transduction pathway in rat smooth muscle cells. Biochem Pharmacol 74 54-63. 

Numerous studies have shown that EGF binding to EGFR triggers receptor dimerization. This is considered a crucial step in intracellular signal transduction [98]. Inspired by this mechanism, we designed EGF chimeric proteins that spontaneously dimerized (dEGF-His). These dimers were terminally anchored to the substrate. We expected that these preformed dimeric EGF structures would facilitate the formation of EGF-EGFR dimer complexes more efficiently than monomeric EGF structures. 

Bazan, N. G., Rodriguez de Turco, E. B. and Allan, G. Mediators of injury in neurotrauma Intracellular signal transduction and gene expression. /. Neurotrauma 12 791-814,1995. 

Molecular mechanisms underlying the early- and late-phase expressions of LTP. While opening the NMDA receptors is crucial for coincidence-detection, the sensitivity and robustness of coincidence-detection is not solely determined by the opening time-window. It is dependent on at least three other features summation of the opening duration, the peak amplitude and proper intracellular signal transduction. 

Some intracellular signal transduction molecules are reduced in schizophrenia 883... 

Some intracellular signal transduction molecules are reduced in schizophrenia. The release of neurotransmitters is regulated by a family of proteins that coordinate vesicular trafficking (see Ch. 9). Of these, the expression of complexin I and II appears to be decreased in prefrontal cortex and subfields of the hippocampal formation, and the ratio of complexin I to complexin II is elevated in the hippocampus [35], SNAP-25 (Synaptosomal Associated Protein, kDa 25) has inconsistently been found to be down-regulated in both these regions. Synapsin expression is also reduced, but more robust decrements have been observed in bipolar disorder (Ch. 55). 

A proprietary organo-V(IV) compound, KP-102, produced by Kinetek Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is currently in phase II clinical trials. KP-102, as an orally active insulin sensitizer, appears to work by acting through the intracellular signal transduction system, rather than eliciting insulin release or affecting the insulin... 

SH2 domains generally consist of approximately 100 amino acid residues [49,50, 60,61 ] and have been first identified as a conserved sequence region between the oncoproteins Src and Fps [19, 48]. By means of sequence homology, SH2 domains have been uncovered in numerous other intracellular signal transduction proteins (Figs. 1 and 4) [20]. 

Endocytosis / Phagocytosis Active Transport Cellular Proliferation Intracellular Cytokine Production Intracellular Signal Transduction Intracellular Free Ions (e.g., Na, K, Ca)... 

R.Y. Tsien, Intracellular signal transduction in 4 dimensions - from molecular design to physiology , Am], Physiol 1992,263, C723-C728. 

Sulfation in most aspects is very similar to phosphorylation, except that sulfation is not involved in intracellular signal transduction, but in other forms of signaling. The mechanism of sulfation is similar to that of phosphorylation as a general base from the enzyme active site that deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of tyrosine residues. The nucleophilic oxygen then attacks the /3-position, in contrast to the 7-position in phosphorylation, and releases adenosine 3, 5 -diphosphate. 

Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathways in the Treatment of Anxiety. .. 321... 

Mediation of the anxiolytic-like action of benzodiazepines through the enhancement of GABAergic transmission at the GABA-A/benzodiazepine receptor complex is well known. Benzodiazepines act at the y-subunit of the GABA receptor complex to enhance chloride influx and thereby cause hyperpolarization of neurons. However, there is much less known about the role of intracellular signal transduction in the actions of benzodiazepines. 

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