Side-effects local irritancy

Hemorrhage is the main complication that can arise from heparin therapy. Other side effects include Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (HITS), local irritation, hypersensitivity reactions and with long-term use, alopecia, hypoaldoster-onism, and osteoporosis. 

The most common side effect is local irritation (sneezing and nasal stinging). 

The most common side-effects to nasal administration of fluticasone are local reactions, including irritation of the nose and throat and epistaxis. Steroids may cause a raised intraocular pressure or glaucoma. Hypersensitivity reactions, including occurrence of bronchospasms, have been reported. 

Topical azole derivatives include the imidazoles bifonazole, clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, oxiconazole, lanoconazole, flutrima-zole and sertaconazole. These drugs show activity against the dermatophytes Epidermophyton, Mi-crosporum and Trichophyton. They are also effective against the yeasts Candida albicans and Pityrospo-rum orbiculare. Local side effects include pruritus, erythema and local irritation. Allergic dermatitis is rare. 

Naftiflne is highly active against dermatophytes but less active against yeasts. Its mechanism of action is based on selective inhibition of squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme for the synthesis of ergos-terol. Side effects include local irritation and erythema. Contact with mucous membranes should be avoided. 

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide is the D-isomer of levorphanol. It lacks CNS activity but acts at the cough center in the medulla to produce an antitussive effect. It is half as potent as codeine as an antitussive. Anecdotal reports of abuse exist, but studies of abuse potential are lacking. It has few side effects but does potentiate the activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to hypotension and infrequently coma. Dextromethorphan is often combined in lozenges with the local anesthetic benzocaine, which blocks pain from throat irritation due to coughing. 

Pimecrolimus (SDZ ASM 981, Elidel) is another recently approved macrolide immunosuppressant that acts by inhibiting calcineurin and blocking the release of proinflammatory cytokines from T lymphocytes. The parent compound, ascomycin, was originally isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var ascomyceticus. Like tacrolimus, pimecrolimus is approved for the topical treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis that is refractory to other therapies. Transient local irritation is a common side effect. 

The incidence of adverse effects with hydroquinone increases in proportion to its concentration. A relatively common side effect is local irritation, which may actually exacerbate the discoloration of the skin being treated. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs less commonly. A rare but more serious complication is exogenous ochronosis, in which a yellow-brown pigment deposited in the dermis results in blue-black pigmentation of the skin that may be permanent. 

A vaginal suppository based on bromocriptine was employed for the therapy of hyperprolactinemia [32]. The rationale of the local vaginal delivery of bromocriptine lies in the noteworthy side effects consequent to oral therapy gastrointestinal disorders, extensive hepatic degradation, and hypotension. The pessary based on bromocriptine proved to be effective in lowering serum prolactin to normal levels after 20 days of local therapy the treatment was well tolerated by the majority of the patients and a minimal vaginal irritation was observed. 

Adverse Effects. Enfuvirtide must be administered by subcutaneous injection, and local pain and irritation occurs at the injection site in most patients. Other common side effects include peripheral neuropathy and immune complex reactions that can lead to serious problems including respiratory distress syndrome, kidney dysfunction, and possibly Guillain-Barre syndrome. 

Adverse Effects. Primary side effects of caspofungin and micafungin include gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting) and headache. Some local irritation may also occur at the injection site when these drugs are administered intravenously. 

Adverse Effects. Nystatin is generally well tolerated when applied locally. Systemic absorption through mucous membranes may cause some gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), but these side effects are generally mild and transient. Topical use of butenafine, naftifine, and tolnaftate is likewise safe, although local burning and irritation of the skin may occur in some individuals. 

Adverse Effects. When administered directly into the bladder, common side effects include bladder irritation and infection. Systemic administration (immunization) may also cause dermatologic reactions (peeling or scaling of the skin), allergic reactions, inflammation of lymph nodes, and local irritation or ulceration at the injection site. 

Ipecac, the root of a Brazilian plant, contains several alkaloids of which two, emetine and cephaeline, produce local irritation and nausea and emesis, by central and local action, without danger of side effects. 

Amphotericin B is obtained from Streptomyces nodosus. It is fungistatic and administered intravenously as an infusion in the treatment of severe systemic fungal infections. It also is used for the local treatment of superficial candidiasis. Test-dose administration is advised to confirm adverse reactions. The amphotericin infusion should be slow to prevent the risk of irritation and infusion-related adverse effects. The drug is used in pregnancy without any adverse side effects.66... 

Adverse effects Side effects depend on the route of administration. For example, local irritation may occur from topical application headache, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting may result after oral administration transient renal dysfunction may occur at high doses or in a dehydrated patient receiving the drug intravenously. 

Dorzolamide is generally well tolerated. Ocular side effects include local irritation, possibly related to pH and tonicity. Stinging (7%), burning or foreign body sensation (12%), and blurring of vision (9%) are among the most common. Others include superficial punctate keratitis and headache. A severe sterile purulent conjunctivitis developing over weeks to months was described in seven patients and resolved on discontinuation of dorzolamide. Because all CAIs are sulfonamides, local sensitization has... 

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