Short Historical Introduction

The phenomenon of corrosion has been known ever since the discovery of metals. Pliny the Younger was already complaining about the Roman soldiers weapons getting rusty. Scientific investigation started at the beginning of the 19th century with Nicholson and Carlyle s discovery of the electrolytic decomposition of water by the electric current supplied by a galvanic battery [2]. 

Humphrey Davy established a relationship between the production of electricity and the oxidation of zinc, in which one of the two metals was copper and the other acted as the generator of electricity. In 1830, the Genevan chemist Auguste de la Rive developed the basis of the electrochemical theory of corrosion. At the beginning of the 20th century, this theory was taken up by Whitney, and completed by Hoar and Evans at the end of the 1920s [3]. 

During the first quarter of the 20th century, the full economic cost of the corrosion of metals was perceived. The first reported corrosion experiments on aluminium started around 1890, when the metal was available in a quantity sufficient to envision its use for construction and as kitchen utensils. Its resistance to rainwater and various types of drinks, such as beer, coffee, and tea, was first assessed at the beginning of the 1890s [4]. 

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A short historical introduction of multi-way analysis is given here. Most of this historical work comes from psychometrics and the most important references related to the models presented in the following sections are given. The pioneering work began in the middle of the twentieth century and ended around 1980, when the most important multi-way models and their algorithms had been introduced. 

A fairly short historical introduction leads to later developments and the presentation of modem concepts and their place in the context of the chemical bond. The final part illustrates the application of orbital theory to some of the more familiar elements and compounds, in relation to the position of the element in the Periodic Classification. 

This short historical introduction to relativistic electronic structure, and even more so the chapters that follow, illustrates a very alive and active field of research whose vigom is illustrated by the increasing number of publications in this field. Indeed, if in 1986 a single volume published by Pyykkp [2] was sufficient to list all the related publications on relativistic quantum theory (about 3 100) over a period of 70 years, the next 15 years required two more volumes to hold the list of almost 8 000 new articles or reviews devoted to this subject. Although inflation in publishing is a common feature of all fields of research, these figures clearly show the importance to take relativistic and QED contributions into account. The need to include relativistic effects in quantum chemical calculations has stimulated both conceptual and numerical developments to finally fulfil the wish of Dirac for "approximate practical methods"... 

In this section, apart from a very short historical introduction, the use of genetic modifications to biosynthetic pathways to biochemically produce and identify macrocyclic molecules that have Hsp90 binding activity, giving structures that have not yet been approached synthetically, will be presented. A much fuller story of the discoveries that led to the clinical development of a number of macrocyclic compounds as Hsp90 inhibitors using the basic geldanamycin skeleton will be presented in Chapter 2. It should be noted... 

W. Blakey, The history of aminoplastics The sixth Chance Memorial Lecture of the Society of Chemical Industry, Chemistry and Industry, (25 July 1964), 1349-1357, on p. 1352. Blakey received a D.Phil. in organic chemistry from Kings College, Cambridge, in 1928, and shortly after joined British Cyanides to undertake research into aminoplastic moulding compounds. Blakey was appointed chairman of British Industrial Plastics in 1962, one year after the firm was merged with Turner Newall Ltd. This lecture is an extremely useful source of information on aminoplastic developments. See also C.P. Vale and W.G.K. iy oi Aminoplastics (London Iliffe Books, 1964), which includes a historical introduction, and a portrait of Hanns John who in 1918 patented the first industrial use of urea-formaldehyde resins. 

After a brief historical introduction and the distinction between hydrolysable and condensed tannins, a description of their chemistry and a short historical review on their use in leather tanning, the more recent developments in tannins for adhesives with and without the use of any aldehyde-yielding compounds, even without the use of any hardeners, are described. Examples of the use of tannins for other industrial, nonleather, applications are reported. In particular, this chapter focuses briefly on their new intended use in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. New data on their antiviral effectiveness against a great number of different viruses compared to their higher, lower or absent cytotoxicity are also presented. 

A short introduction to cytochrome P450cam is needed. The term P450 historically refers to the pigment obtained by reduction of the involved... 

Like the chapter in the fourth edition of this book, this chapter includes a short accoimt of the historical aspects and a short introduction to some of the newer disciplines. The main theme/objective of this chapter is to give an idea about the changing disease patterns, which may be reflected in the discovery process. 

Historically the first sedative hypnotics to be introduced were the bromides in the mid 19th century, shortly followed by chloral hydrate, paraldehyde and urethane. It was not until the early years of this century that the first barbiturate, sodium barbitone, was developed and this was shortly followed by over 50 analogues, all with essentially similar pharmacological properties. The major breakthrough in the development of selective, relatively non-toxic sedative hypnotics followed the introduction of chlordiazepoxide in 1961. Most of the benzodiazepines in current use have been selected for their high anxiolytic potency relative to their central depressant effects. Because of their considerable safety, the benzodiazepines have now largely replaced the barbiturates and the alcohols, such as chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol, as the drugs of choice in the treatment of insomnia. 

As noted in the Introduction, natural products have served historically as the major source of drugs and lead compounds for the treatment of cancer, and the examples provided in this short review indicate that important discoveries in this area are still being made. Despite this impressive track record,... 

With this brief survey of the marvelously complex field of inorganic chemistry, we now turn to the details in the remainder of this book. The topics included provide a broad introduction to the field. However, even a cursory examination of a chemical library or one of the many inorganic journals shows some important aspects of inorganic chemistry that must be omitted in a short textbook. The references cited in the text suggest resources for further study, including historical sources, texts, and reference works that can provide useful additional material. 

Books that contain some historical material but look mostly at the chemical properties and uses (if any) of the elements include Albert Stwertka, A Guide to the Elements (2002) John Emsley, Nature s Building Blocks An A-Z Guide to the Elements (2003) and Philip Ball, The Elements A Very Short Introduction (2004). 

This chapter provides a short introduction to MOEAs, presented from a historical perspective. It also reviews some of the most representative work regarding their use in chemical engineering apphcations. Finally, it provides a short description of some of the main Internet resources currently available for those interested in pursuing research in this area. 

After a short introduction to the company and its environmental management systems, the bulk of the report makes interesting use of Features , Reports and News articles to describe its accomplishments and present its views under the headings Product Stewardship , In-Process protection , Sites , Safety and Dialogue . The remainder of the report presents data and achievements against targets, and a historical overview of environmental protection at Bayer since 1901. 

The monograph has nine chapters. The first two provide an introduction and a historical perspective. This is followed by fundamental aspects and interaction of radiation of the flowing sample. Chapter five discusses the various types of flow analysers and chapter six considers the specific components that make up a flow analyser. This is followed by chapters on flow manipulation and strategies for sample handling. It concludes with a short chapter on future trends. 

If statistical tests support the hypothesis of a constant real platinum price and historical behavior is repeated, then one could expect the introduction of fuel cells to increase the short term price of platinum however, the platinum prices will then return to traditional values as supply increases. 

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