Electroconvulsive shock treatment

Ginkgo alters lipid metabolism created by electroconvulsive shock treatments. EGb 761 reduced accumulation of free fatty acids and removal of diacylglycerol, which is more pronounced in the hippocampus than cerebral cortex (Rodriguez de Turco et al. 1993). Ginkgo also has protective effects on lipid membranes under hypoxic conditions. Bilobalide, but not ginkgolides, suppressed hydrolysis of choline induced... 

Ebstein R, Belmaker R, Grunhaus L, et al Lithium inhibition of adrenaline-stimulated adenylate cyclase in humans. Nature 259 411-413, 1976 Ebstein RP, Hermoni M, Belmaker RH The effect of lithium on noradrenahne-in-duced cyclic AMP accumulation in rat brain inhibition after chronic treatment and absence of supersensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 213 161-167, 1980 Ebstein RP, Lerer B, Shlaufman M, et al The effect of repeated electroconvulsive shock treatment and chronic lithium feeding on the release of norepinephrine from rat cortical vesicular preparations. Cell Mol Neurobiol 3 191-201, 1983 Ebstein RP, Moscovich D, Zeevi S, et al Effect of lithium in vitro and after chronic treatment on human platelet adenylate cyclase activity prosreceptor modification or second messenger signal amplification. Psychiatry Res 21 221-228, 1987 Eccleston D, Cole AJ Calcium-channel blockade and depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 156 889-891, 1990... 

Pandey GN, Heinze WJ, Brown BD, et al. Electroconvulsive shock treatment decreases beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in rat brain. Nature 1979 280 234-235. 

Therapeutic uses Because of its rapid onset and short duration of action, succinylcholine is useful when rapid endotracheal intubation is required during the induction of anesthesia (a rapid action is essential if aspiration of gastric contents is to be avoided during intubation). It is also employed during electroconvulsive shock treatment. 

Heal, DJ, Butyler, SA, Hurst, EM and Buckett, WR (1989) Antidepressant treatments, including sibutramine hydrochloride and electroconvulsive shock, decrease betal- but not beta2-adrenoceptors in rat cortex. J. Neurochem. 53 1019-1025. 

Shock Therapy. The early 20th century saw the development of the first effective biological treatments for depression, the shock therapies. The first shock treatments used injection of horse serum or insulin. A major advance in treatment occurred with the advent of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in 1934. Although initially used to treat schizophrenia, ECT was soon found to be highly effective for other psychiatric disorders including depression and mania. ECT remained the primary biological psychiatric treatment until the widespread release of psychiatric medications in the 1950s. 

Another striking characteristic of aversive memories is their abiUty to reconsolidate on reactivation. By definition, memories should be insensitive to disruption, for instance by electroconvulsive shocks or drugs, once they have been consohdated. This is, in fact, the case as long as the treatments do not coincide with memory recall. Reactivation of a memory, however, makes it labile again because of reconsoUdation processes (Sara 2000 Nader 2003). Reconsolidation resembles consolidation in that similar cascades of molecular... 

Nowak G, Zak J Effects of repeated treatment with antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive shocks on the D2 dopaminergic receptor turnover in the rat brain. Pharmacol Toxicol 69 87-89, 1991... 

Paul lA, Layer RT, Skolnick P, et al Adaptation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex in rat front cortex following chronic treatment with electroconvulsive shock or imipramine. Eur J Pharmacol 247 305-312, 1993 Paul SM, Purdy RH Neuroactive steroids. FASEB J 6 2311-2322, 1992 Paul V, Balasubramaniam E, Kazi M The neurobehavioural toxicity of endosulfan in rats a serotonergic involvement in learning impairment. Eur J Pharmacol 270 1-7, 1994... 

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS), as well as ischemia, induces increases in free fatty add (FFA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) in the rat brain, probably due to the breakdown of membrane phospholipids through the activation of phospholipases (PLC, PLAj/A,). EGb treatment (100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 14 days) selectively decreases endogenous FFA levels and increases endogenous DAG levels in the hippocampus. Therefore, ECS-induced accumulation of FFAis prevented in the hippocampus of EGb-treated rats during clonic seizures (30 sec to 2 min after... 

Because suicide is one of the leading causes of death in elderly people and in other populations, rapid and effective treatment of depression is warranted. Current therapies include the use of electroconvulsive (shock) therapy, psychiatric intervention, and antidepressant drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Recently, in the U.S., the use of St. John s wort (Hypericum perforatum) has become more prevalent, especially in the treatment of depression. 

Electroconvulsive therapy has been used as antidepressive, mood-stabilizing and antipsychotic treatments (Eitan and Lerer 2006 Shapira et al., 1991). It is reported that electroconvulsive shocks (ECS), an animal model for the ECT, affect the NE system. Thus, both acute and chronic ECS increase cortical and hippocampal NE release. Chronic ECS also desensitize a2-adrenergic autoreceptors in the PFC (Thomas et al., 1992). Paradoxically, electrophysiological studies report that chronic ECS suppress the firing activity of NE neurons in the ECS (Grant and Weiss 2001). Based on the evidences of ECS-induced increase in brain NE levels, it can be concluded that the benefitial effect of the ECT is mediated, at least in part, via NE system. 

In addition to locomotor activity, delta opioid agonists produce convulsions in mice [41,43], rats [34,35], and monkeys [44 46], In the past, chemical-induced convulsions induced by camphor or pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) were used as treatments for depression today, however, ECT is the only convulsant therapy used because the treatment-induced effects are less unpleasant than those produced by chemical convulsants [47]. ECS was demonstrated to have antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test in rats [3], and ECT is a very effective treatment for depression in humans. Based on these observations, it was proposed that delta opioid agonists produce antidepressant-like effects tough a convulsive- or electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-like mechanism of action [41]. 

Devanand et al. (1994) dismissed Ferraro and Roizen (1949) for using a large number of ECSs [electroconvulsive shocks] relative to clinical practice, but in fact, many patients are given 32 or more treatments, sometimes in one series, more often in several. Ferraro et al. (1946), utilizing fewer shocks, were dismissed on the speculation that the current went through the brain stem. 

Boyle, G. (1986, November). Concussion of the brain with electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) An appropriate treatment for depression and suicidal ideation Australian Clinical Psychology, 21—27. 

One of the most consistent findings in precfinical studies of anddepressant treatments (including electroconvulsive shock)... 

To date, two types of major depression have been postulated. The first is often referred to as endogenous or melancholic depression. In this type of major depression, symptoms of depressed mood are related directly to internal biologic factors such as neurotransmitter dysfunction (Kaplan Sadock, 1990 Tierney et al., 1997). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), referred to historically as shock treatments, is often considered an endogenous treatment. Here, direct (biologic) stimulation of the neurotransmission process is the treatment strategy. Similar to ECT, antidepressant medications also are successful in lifting endogenous depression, with the major difference that they affect the neurochemical pathways chemically rather than electrically (Maxmen Ward, 1995). 

Shock Therapy. Insulin coma treatments were used in the early 1900s but offered no tangible improvement. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) arose in the 1930s and 1940s and was the hrst treatment to provide some relief from psychosis. However, its effects are only temporary and it proved too costly for continuous use. ECT continues to have some use for life-threatening catatonia, but it is mainly used to treat refractory depression or bipolar disorder. 

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