Sheep production systems

These published studies have recognised wool and meat as the co-products for sheep production systems of interest. However, sheep systems in some regions also provide milk with high economic value for human food. It is also recognised that sheep can provide other functions that can potentially be accounted for, thereby reducing the environmental impacts allocated to wool. For example, RipoU-Bosch et al. (2013) studied sheep systems in Spain and noted that the benefits of sheep to ecosystem services (e.g. conservation of biodiversity and landscapes) were important in extensive mid-high altitude natural/seminatural areas and allocated up to one-half of total GHG emissions to these ecosystem services based on an economic approach. 

Wiedemann, S.G., Ledgard, S.F., Henry, B.K., Yan, M-J., Mao, N., Russell, S.J., 2015. Application of life cycle assessment to sheep production systems Investigating co-production of wool and meat using case studies from major global producers. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 20, 463—476. 

Whether the husbandry of the production system is being efficiently carried out, and how much scope there is to increase reproductive efficiency in the sheep flock, for instance, by reducing the number of barren ewes and by reducing the number of lambs lost before sale. 

Livestock projects have focused on UK dairy, beef, sheep and pig production systems and have targeted improvements in feeding regimes and preventative health management systems (e.g. for the control of mastitis and endo-parasites and gastrointestinal diseases). 

MOLYBDENUM (In Biological Systems). Molybdenum is required in very low amouni.s by both plants and animals Nutrient imbalances involving molybdenum and copper have caused serious problems in cattle and sheep production. 

The overall objective of research under way as of ca 1997 is to develop a system of sale by description for fine and medium wools whereby the buyer is presented only with measured data on the principal characteristics of the raw wool, as well as an assessment of the less important characteristics by an independent skilled appraiser (8). A scheme for assessing the risk of the presence of colored fiber content in greasy wool has been proposed which depends on production parameters and on the age and sex of the sheep (5). Instmmentation and computer algorithms for the measurement of style and handle... 

The few homeopathic products which were tested against GIN in sheep and cattle were based on plants and were not associated with a decrease in the worm burdens or faecal egg counts. However, considering the basic principles of homeopathy, it is likely that this approach reacts via modulation of the host s immune system (Cabaret et al., 2002). The use of non-classical parameters for assessing an antiparasitic effect should therefore be considered in future studies of homeopathy. 

High expression levels of proteins are potentially attained. In many instances, the level of expression exceeds 1 g protein/litre milk. In one case, initial expression levels of 60 g l-1 were observed, which stabilized at 35 g L1 as lactation continued (the expression of the arantitrypsin gene, under the influence of the ovine P-lactoglobulin promoter, in a transgenic sheep). Even at expression levels of 1 g L1, one transgenic goat would produce a similar quantity of product in 1 day as would be likely recoverable from a 50-1001 bioreactor system. 

Between the rows (in the alleyway) it may be possible to intercrop permanently with pasture (sheep), beans or other crops. However, this may be difficult in the case of older plantations where the trees are adapted to a certain type of management in such cases, a step-by-step procedure is recommended (introduction of new crops and elements at yearly intervals), to allow the root systems of the citrus trees to adapt to new competition in the soil. For larger, mechanized organic farms it may be difficult to continue intercropping as soon as the newly planted citrus trees are in production. In such cases, cover crops may be more appropriate in order to avoid disturbances in citrus management. 

Fatty acids are the building blocks of TAG. More than 90 percent of fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms, and are in aliphatic chains ranging from 4 to 22 carbons in length. The major fatty acid synthesis pathway is production of stearic acid (18 carbons) after which separate desaturase systems introduce 1, 2, or 3 unsaturated (double) bonds. Additional enzymes become active in elongating the chain as needed. Shorter fatty acids also are produced. Trace amounts of odd-number carbon fatty acids are found in most fats, and also have been synthesized for research purposes. Microorganisms frequently produce odd-number carbon fatty acids, with heptadecenoic (17 carbon) acid a major component of Candida tropicalis yeast fat. Up to 8 percent C17 fatty acids have been found in milk and meat fats of ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) and are of rumen microbe origin. 

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