Endo-parasites

Livestock projects have focused on UK dairy, beef, sheep and pig production systems and have targeted improvements in feeding regimes and preventative health management systems (e.g. for the control of mastitis and endo-parasites and gastrointestinal diseases). 

The parasite-host interaction continuously exerts selective pressure(s) on both insects to survive. The host insect presents a particularly challenging environment for endoparasites because of the rapid development and differentiation that characterize parasite and host life cycles (21,22, 80, 81). Endoparasites may exploit a variety of agents to suppress or avoid host defenses and to modify the normal development of the host to match their need polydnaviruses, venoms, oviduct secretions, and protective materials coating the parasite egg or produced by the endo-parasite as it develops within its host. 

Beckage, N. E. (1985). Endocrine interactions between endo-parasitic insects and their hosts. Annual Review of Entomology 30 371 113. 

Endo, B.Y. (1993) Ultrastructure of subventral gland secretory granules in parasitic juveniles of the soy bean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 60, 22-34. 

Nirofuran compounds are also effective anti-parasitic drugs. Nifurtimox, for example, is used to treat Chagas disease (caused by Trypansoma cruzi) but has side effects. In exploring the use of alternatives to nifurtimox, Olea-Azar et al. have examined radical formation from two analogues. Radical anions were observed upon electrolytic reduction of the compounds and a nitroxide, believed to be the glutathionyl radical-adduct, was detected upon electrolysis in the presence of DMPO and GSH. Radical adducts were also detected upon incubation of one of the analogues with microsomes from T. Cruzi.m A novel endo-peroxide reductase has been isolated from T. Cruzi. Whereas the flavoenzyme was found to reduce quinones to their semiquinones, nifurtimox underwent a direct, two-electron reduction, without the formation of radicals.129... 

Ivermectin is exceptionally effective in very low dosages against nematodes and arthropod parasites in cattle and has been widely used for treatment of endo-and ectoparasites in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine (49). It is administered orally, parenterally, or as a pour-on preparation at dosages ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mg/ kg bw. Ivermectin exhibits teratogenic effects in rat, rabbit, and mouse. 

Qinghao (Sweet Wormwood) is the dried aerial parts of the herb Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae family), which has been used in China for centuries to treat fever and malaria. Artemisinin (Nl) (Qing Hao Su) (128), the active principle, directly kills Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasites) with little toxicity to animals and humans. Thus, it is a clinically effective, safe, and rapid antimalarial agent (129, 130). The novel endo-peroxide link is essential for the antimalarial activity. 

Endo-]3-glucuronidase types of hyaluronidase (EC 3.2.1.36) found in leeches, crustaceans (Karlstam et al, 1991) [121] and some parasites, generate tetra-and hexasaccharide end-products. 

Staining Applications Lysosomes Golgi apparatus acidic compartments secretory granules (SGs) synap-tic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) ° liposomes acidic organelle membranes bacteria bacterial endo-spores apoptotic ceUs blood smears " nucleic acids cells malignant musculoskeletal tumors micronucleus microorganisms nuclei peptides " proteins antibodies " parasites sperms ... 

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