Sharing of chemicals

Their home bases in first world countries are, as we all know, more costly than many of those of Asia. By definition, they are also less familiar with the new markets than the locals are. On the other hand, they still have the technological edge, greater expertise and scale, and local markets that account for the lion s share of chemical consumption and will continue to do so -according to BASF, the Asia-Pacific markets in the year 2015 are likely to account for only around 34 percent of the world total. 

Using the CIS inventory web page queries, personnel can obtain information on chemicals they need that are already onsite. This facilitates the sharing of chemicals, thereby avoiding the costly purchase and disposal of excess chemicals. This Waste Minimization concept is called "Purchase Avoidance. ... 

Thermal systems are normally used for chemically bonded sand systems and mixed sand systems, providing the share of chemically bonded sands (cores) is high enough. Nevertheless, a distinction can be made ... 

It is that last point - the product and all the issues surrounding it - that has been a major factor in the rise of a new group of companies that are increasing their share of chemical sales - and service - at a high rate. 

Textile fiber materials can be divided into natural and chemical fibers. As a result of the industrial revolution and growth of the world population, the consumption of fibers worldwide has continuously increased (Fig. 2.1). The consumption of textile goods per person has risen as well. Citizens of industrial countries consume about 20 to 25 kg of textile materials per year. Since 1950, a major increase in the share of chemical fibers can be observed. In 1994, for the first time in history, the world share of man-made fibers exceeded that for natural fibers and is still growing. The steady increase in the world population will provoke an increase in production of natural and chemical fibers. While predictions differ quantitatively. Fig. 2.2 gives a good estimate. 

The covalent, or shared electron pair, model of chemical bonding was first suggested by G N Lewis of the University of California m 1916 Lewis proposed that a sharing of two electrons by two hydrogen atoms permits each one to have a stable closed shell electron configuration analogous to helium... 

Product innovation absorbs considerable resources in the fine chemicals industry, in part because of the shorter life cycles of fine chemicals as compared to commodities. Consequently, research and development (R D) plays an important role. The main task of R D in fine chemicals is scaling-up lab processes, as described, eg, in the ORAC data bank or as provided by the customers, so that the processes can be transferred to pilot plants (see Pilot PLANTS AND microplants) and subsequently to industrial-scale production. Thus the R D department of a fine chemicals manufacturer typically is divided into a laboratory or process research section and a development section, the latter absorbing the Hon s share of the R D budget, which typically accounts for 5 to 10% of sales. Support functions include the analytical services, engineering, maintenance, and Hbrary. 

Petroleum (qv) products dominate lubricant production with a 98% share of the market for lubricating oils and greases. While lower cost leads to first consideration of these petroleum lubricants, production of various synthetic lubricants covered later has been expanding to take advantage of special properties such as stability at extreme temperatures, chemical inertness, fire resistance, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. 

Applications Research. Specialty chemical producers devote a larger share of their time and costs to appHcations research than do producers of most commodity chemicals. As noted earHer, the most successful specialty chemical producers have been those companies that ate able to respond quickly to customer needs and problems under the conditions found in the customer s plant. This entails having, at the specialty chemical plant, equipment and procedural knowledge which closely approximate those found among customers. Tests can then be mn and a solution to the problem or need may result. If successful, even in part, it can be brought to the customers and tried there. In practice, of course, each customer s plant has some variables which make a single answer or product quite unlikely. Fortunately, slight modifications by the suppHer will often solve the next customer s problem. 

Commercial production of PE resias with densities of 0.925 and 0.935 g/cm was started ia 1968 ia the United States by Phillips Petroleum Co. Over time, these resias, particularly LLDPE, became large volume commodity products. Their combiaed worldwide productioa ia 1994 reached 13 X 10 metric t/yr, accouatiag for some 30% market share of all PE resias ia the year 2000, LLDPE productioa is expected to iacrease by 50%. A aew type of LLDPE, compositioaaHy uniform ethylene—a-olefin copolymers produced with metallocene catalysts, was first introduced by Exxon Chemical Company in 1990. The initial production volume was 13,500 t/yr but its growth has been rapid indeed, in 1995 its combiaed production by several companies exceeded 800,000 tons. 

Center for Chemical Process Safety. In 1985, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers estabHshed the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) (New York). The objective of the CCPS was to help prevent catastrophic chemical accidents by compiling information on the latest scientific and engineering practices, safety programs, and adininistrative procedures of the larger members of the chemical industry, so that they can be shared with other (and particularly the smaller) members of the chemical and petrochemical industries. 

The idea put forth by G. N. Lewis in 1916 that chemical bonding results from a sharing of electron pairs between two atoms was a fundamental advance in bonding... 

Covalent — refers to a chemical bond in which there is an equal/even sharing of bonding electron pairs between atoms. This is typical of the bonding between carbon atoms and between carbon and hydrogen atoms in organic compounds. 

Aldehydes and Ketones — These share many chemical properties because they possess the carbonyl (C=0) group as a common feature of their structure. Aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points and higher vapor pressures than their alcohol counterparts. Aldehydes and ketones through C< are soluble in water and have pronounced odors. Ketones are relatively inert while aldehydes are easily oxidized to their counterpart organic acids. 

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