High expls

Mohaupt-Effect. The effect of a metal liner introduced in a shaped charge to increase penetration. Generally incorporated in high expl antitank (HEAT) ammo. See Munroe-Neumann Effect, Vol 4, 444-R... 

N.S.N. may be either solid or liq (oil) both forms are highly expl and have been used in commercial, and to a certain extent, in military expls. Typical examples follow (I) Explosive patented by Schultz Gehr (Ref 1) ... 

Diazidonaphthalenes, CjoHgNg, mw 210.20, N 39.99%. Four isomers have been described in the literature. All are high expls and are sens to shock, light, and heat... 

Electrical vol resistivity techniques have been employed to follow the course of the hardening of Nitrasol expls (Ref 3). The air blast effectiveness of Nitrasol as a high expl indicated it is a better expl than Pentolite and a poorer one than... 

As already mentioned (Section 1), the,prepn of most of the commonly used high expl compds involves one or more nitration reactions. Indeed, except for ammonium nitrate (AN), primary expls, and BkPdr, it is difficult to bring to mind any expl in common use (or even a laboratory curiosity) that was not prepared by nitration. In Table 1, we list the most important military and commercial high expl compds produced by nitration. We have grouped these compds by nitration type, ie C-nitration, O-nitration, and N-nitration. Note that either nitric acid or mixed acid are the nitrating agents principally employed in industry. This will be discussed further in the next section. The Table also gives Encyclopedia references for those compounds already described in previous Encyclopedia volumes... 

The most widely used nitrating agents in the prepn of important military and commercial high expls are the mixed acids (MA) consisting of various mixts of HN03/H2S04/H20. Consequently the remainder of this section will be devoted to a discussion of mixed acids. In view of the obvious importance of its use in the prepn of military expls, there is a US Military Specification for Mixed Acid (for use in nitration of explosives) MIL-A-50210(MU) (6 December 1968). The Requirements for mixed acid prescribed in this specification are ... 

Typical nitrating acid and spent acid compns used in the manufacture of selected high expls are shown in Table 2... 

I) are high expls which are much less sensitive than NG and may be used as substitutes for an equal amount of the latter... 

Included are four samples of NC of different degrees of nitration and one sample each of the high expls TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-l, 3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane). 

At PicArsn, both thermal and fast NAA were compared for non-destructive gross element assay in selected materials used in ammo (Ref 14), specifically A1 in aluminized high expls (eg, Minols), Cl in AP and Mn in manganese dioxide (as used in pyrotechnic flare compns). 

Mesityloxideperozonide. C6Ht 0O5, green syrup, highly expl, catches fire spontaneously on standing at room temp. Prepd by saturating mesityl-oxide with ozone at very low temp Refs 1) Beil 1,738 7, 953 2) C.D. Harries... 

In general terms, PETN can be characterized as a sensitive , brisant, and powerful high expl. Explosive sensitivity is a rather nebulous quantity, but there can be no doubt that PETN is a much more sensitive material than TNT, but rather less sensitive than Lead Azide. In particular, PETN requires very little priming i charge (less than 1 mg LA) to initiate its detonation. This is the characteristic that makes PETN so widely used in blasting cap base charges, in detonating cord and in boosters... 

PEP-3. One of the US plastic high expls developed during WWII, consisting of PETN 86 and Gulf Crown E Oil 14%. Its sensitivity, stability and performance properties are detailed below ... 

Highly expl decompd by ferrous salts, Ag, Pd and Pt stable in storage distillable under vacuum... 

The map in Fig 1 shows the distribution of the AAPs and NADs which do the bulk of the high expl and proplnt manufg and loading. 

The selection of a stab detonator for a specific application requires a consideration of both input and output (Ref 7). The situation exactly duplicates the problems encountered in the selection of a percussion primer. However, as previously discussed, the end purpose of a detonator is different the input energies are significantly lower, and the output is intended to initiate a high expl. In addition to the main criteria, consideration must also be given to size, weight, cost, and reliability... 

Some unconfined high expls can also be ignited to deflagration especially if they are in a molten condition (such as TNT), or spread in a thin layer (such as MF or Diazodinitrophenol). In many cases deflagration develops into detonation [See also Detonation (and Explosion), Initiation of] Refs 1) F.P. Bowden, "The Initiation of Explosion and Its Growth to Detonation , PrRoySoc 204A, 20 ff (1950) la) A.F. Belyaev, ZhPraktKhim 23, 432 ff (1950). 

Dr Donna Price stated (Ref 14, p 698) that in her Group 1" (which includes most organic high expls such as RDX,PETN and TNT) the homogeneous processes rather than the heterogeneous ones (such as noted by Eyring) play the major part in the transmission, if not the initiation, of detonation (Ref 23)... 

Cook (Ref 3) discusses the effect of water on an AN/Al mixt contg ca 12% water which results in a mixt capable of large-diam blasting strength (underwater) of unprecedented magr nitude. The high expl potential of such a mixt is illustrated by heat of expln of 50/30 flQ AN/Al/ Water which gives a value of 1600 cal/g vs that of 40/40/20 AN/Al Water which. is 2100 cal/g, the probable practical limit of such mixts... 

Taylor, CanadChemJ 2, 7-8(1918) (High-expl primers historical review) Ad 12)... 

Anilinotrimethylolmethane and Derivatives in Vol 1, p A441. Its highly expl deriv, designated as Heptryl is on pp A441-R to A442-R... 

The case with which highly expl Xe03 may be formed at room temp by reaction of Xe fluorides with moisture has been strongly emphasized (Refs 2, 3 4). Xenon trioxide, Xe03, is a wh sol comparable in deton sensitivity to nitrogen triiodide and in expl force to TNT Refs 1) N. Bartlett P.R. Rao, Science 139, 506 (1963) 2) D.F. Smith, JACS 85, 816... 

Accdg to Ref 5, p 360, the Japanese used during WWII a greater variety of HE s (High Expls) and ammunition than other nations at the time (except probably the Germans and Italians). This was due to a shortage of raw materials necessary for the manuf of the best expls. Although they used many standard HE s (such as TNT, Picric Acid, PETN,... 

A laser-initiated pyrotechnic system (Zr-Amm perchlorate) for spacecraft application has been shown to be superior to conventional electroexpl initiation (Ref 22). Primary high expls such as LA and LSt can be initiated directly. Q-switched-mode lasers can directly deton PETN, RDX, and Tetryl in a properly designed device and can be useful where microsecond simultaneity is important (Ref 6)... 

Most solid high expls are manufd by processes that yidd granular material. Their bulk densities are generally somewhat less than 1 g/cu cm. They are used in military applications as solids of well defined configurations, usually at densities between 1.5 and 1.7g/cu cm... 

Can be prepd by heating methane sulfonamide with the theoretical quantity of Trinitroethanol at 70° (Ref 3), or by allowing the above mixture to stand for several days in methanol soln (Ref 2). Its impact sensitivity approaches chat of Pentolite Refs l)Beil, not found 2)Hercules PowderCo, Progress Repr, Oct 1949,High Expls,Con tract NOrd 9925 3)W.F.Sager... 

Refs l)Beil, not found 2)Hercules Powder Co, Progress Rept March 1949, High Expls, Task A, Contract NOrd 9925 3)W.W.Sager... 

D.V.Sickman, NAVORD Rept 483 (1952), Res Devel in New Chemical High Expls, p 35... 

In an effort to develop a more efficient incendiary bullet, a project was initiated before 1944 at Frankford Arsenal to develop bullets combining the properties of HE (high expl) and I(incendiary) type bullets. The following rypes, belonging to Cartridge, High-Explosive-Incendiary, Caliber. 50, T34 were submitted in 1944 to tests ... 

Sensitivity to Initiation by Primary Explosives, Detonators and Boosters. It can be expressed as the minumum weight of an initiating expl or the No of detonators to cause a complete detonation of a HE (high expl). See Voll,... 

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