Metal-lined shaped charge

Fig. 7.2 Jet formation from a metal-lined shaped charge.

Zirconium. While almost any metal in the finely divided state exhibits pyrophoric properties, a few metals when abraded emit a shower of sparks of sufficient temp to ignite hydrocarbon vapors. Cerium is the best known metal of this kind for commercial purposes, such as gas lighter flints. For military purposes Zr is the most used. It has found applications in HE and armor-piercing incendiary ammo, the lining of shaped-charge rounds, and in incendiary cluster bombs (Ref 7, pp 100-01)... 

Cationic ferrocene complexes with one, two, and four cationic [B(R)bpy] (bpy = 2,2,-bipyridine) acceptors such as 66 show absorption at Amax = 496-540 nm with the contribution of charge transfer between the ferrocene unit and the B(R)bpy substituent(s) (165). This is confirmed by the EPR spectrum of the monoreduced neutral species, which features a line shape indicating a considerable admixture of the ligand and metal orbitals. Preparation and physical properties of the related polymer, 67, have also been reported (166). 

Shaped charge. An explosive charge designed to produce specific effects by the inclusion of a re-entrant conical or V shape usually lined with metal. 

To conclude, even if there exist several processes that affect the vibrational line shape it seems probable that when most of them have been sorted out and with the good agreement between theory and experiment, the lifetime broadening for a chemisorbed CO molecule is of the order of a few cm, corresponding to a lifetime of a few ps. The main vibrational energy relaxation mechanism is creation of electron-hole pairs caused by the local charge oscillations between the metal and the 2n molecular resonance crossing the Fermi level. 

Briefly, in the lined cavity method, a thin (ca 0.025 in) metallic liner, usually of steel or copper, is fitted snugly inside the cavity of the shaped charge. Such liners may be drawn, spun, stamped or cast. 

Spencer, The Determination of Reaction Rates of Nonideal Explosives from Shaped Charge Penetration Data , Univ of Utah Inst for Study of Rate Processes, TechRept No XLVIl(1955) Contract N7-onr-45107 46) R.J. Eichelberger, JApplPhys 26, 392-402(1955) (Re-examination of the unsteady theory of jet formation by lined cavity charges) 47) Ibid, 27, 63-8 (1956) (Experimental test of the theory of penetration by metallic jets) 48) T.C. Poulter ... 

Explosion Physics. The cited Ref deals mathematically with the cumulative effect of shaped charges and the jets formed 60m metal linings of such chges... 

During WW.II a wide use was made in demolition practice of the so-called Shaped Charges, which utilize the Munroe -Neumann Effect.. In these chges the expl energy is concentrated in one direction and is greatly increased if the cone of the shaped charge is lined with a thin sheet of metal, such as Cu, Zn, steel, etc. 

Liners for shaped charges are made of inert material, usually a metal. The lining acts as an energy carrier, since the energy of the explosive charge is concentrated on a small cross-section of the target. 

---