Serotonin melatonin

Histamine, serotonin, melatonin, and the catecholamines dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are known as "biogenic amines."They are produced from amino acids by decarboxylation and usually act not only as hormones, but also as neurotransmitters. 

Trp metabolism is complex and leads to multiple products, including serotonin, melatonin, and NAD. ... 

Both these 5-hydroxyindoles are natural compounds, playing an important role in the brain. 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) 315 is the metabolic precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin melatonin 316 is a neurohormone involved in the regulation of chronobiological rhythms such as sleep and fertility306. They have been labelled with F-18, for in vivo metabolic imaging with PET, in reaction of dilute [18F]fluorine gas with melatonin or with 5-hydroxytryptophan in hydrogen fluoride307 at — 70 °C (equation 134). 

Some tryptamine molecules found naturally in the human body include tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, melatonin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine. 

C. Products derived from tryptophan —Serotonin, melatonin, and the nicotinamide moiety of NAD and... 

A bicyclic nitrogenous aromatic ring system (known as an indole ring) is attached to the /6-carbon of alanine to form the R-group of tryptophan. Tryptophan is a precursor of serotonin, melatonin, nicotinamide, and many... 

Esteban S, Nicolaus C, Garmundi A, Rial RV, Rodriguez AB, Ortega E, Ibars CB. Effect of orally administered L-tryptophan on serotonin, melatonin, and the innate immune response in the rat. Mol Cell Biochem 2004 267 39-46. 

At the very beginning of the study, we had predicted in our 1-hydroxyindole hypothesis that 1-hydroxyindole compounds should imdergo unprecedented nucleophihc substitution reaction and the reaction must be responsible for the generation of serotonin (melatonin, etc.) in our central nervous system [1-7]. 

The presence of amines has been confirmed in various vegetables e. g., histamine, N-acetylhist-amine and N,N-dimethylhistamine in spinach and tryptamine, serotonin, melatonin and tyra-mine in tomatoes and eggplant (cf. 18.1.2.1.3). 

Tryptamine Tryptophan Serotonine, melatonine Locan tissue animal and plant hormones (catecholamines), effect on blood pressure, intestinal peristalsis, mental functions... 

Naturally Occurring Compounds. Many derivatives of iadole are found ia plants and animals where they are derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Several of these have important biological function or activity. Serotonin [50-67-9] (12) functions as a neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor (35). Melatonin [73-31-4] (13) production is controlled daily by the circadian cycle and its physiological level iafluences, and seasonal rhythms ia humans and other species (36). Indole-3-acetic acid [87-51-4] (14) is a plant growth stimulant used ia several horticultural appHcations (37). 

Melatonin. Melatonin (A/-acetyl-5-metlioxytryptaniine) [73-31-4] C 2H gN2O2(250) is secreted from the pineal gland and retina during dark periods of the vertebrate circadian rhythm (65). Melatonin regulates biological rhythms and neuroendocrine function and is formed from serotonin (5-HT). 

Important tryptophan metabolites include serotonin, melanin, and melatonin. 

Hirata, H., Asanuma, M., Cadet, J.L. Melatonin attenuates methamphetamine-induced toxic effects on dopamine and serotonin terminals in mouse brain. Synapse. 30 150, 1998. 

FIGURE 13-5 The biosynthesis and catabolism of serotonin. Note that in the pineal gland, serotonin is converted enzymatically to melatonin. 

Serotonin is an indolamine neurotransmitter, derived from the amino acid L-tryptophan. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) by tryptophan hydroxylase. 5-HTP is converted to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. In the pineal gland, 5-HT may be further converted to /V-acetyl serotonin by 5-HT /V-acetyltransferase and then to melatonin by 5-hyroxyindole-O-methyltransferase. 5-HT is catabolized by monoamine oxidase, and the primary end metabolite is 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). 

Melatonin is A-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, a simple derivative of serotonin. It is a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the brain during the hours of darkness. It is involved in controlling the body s day-night... 

The peptide, melatonin, has been implicated in autism. Excess melatonin is thought to decrease learning, memory, attention, emotionality, motivation and pain responses (reviewed Chamberlain Herman, 1990)—all behaviours that are abnormal in autism. Melatonin, released from the pineal gland, is implicated in controlling serotonin and POMC (proopiomelanocortin) peptides, such as beta-endorphin, and an elevation may contribute to, or cause, the serotonin and opioid abnormalities (Chamberlain Herman, 1990). 

In addition to its presumed role as a neurotransmitter within the brain, serotonin is synthesized in the pineal gland, where it is a precursor for the synthesis of melatonin, a hormone that influences endocrine activity, presumably by an action within the hypothalamus. 

Parthenolide inhibits serotonin release, an action that is thought to be a likely source of its effectiveness in migraine. Extracts have also been shown to reduce the production of prostaglandins (another possible mechanism) and leukotrienes. Interestingly, melatonin has been identified in feverfew, a possibly significant observation, since chronic migraines have been associated with low melatonin levels. 

Some prominent 3-substituted derivatives include skatole (3-methylin-dole), which has a faecal odour, and indoIyl-3-acetic acid (sold as a plant rooting powder). Many indoles are biologically important for example, tryptamine is the precursor of two hormones serotonin, a vasoconstrictor, and melatonin, which is involved in the control of circadian rhythm. In addition, the amino acid tryptophan is an essential component of proteins (see Box 7.1). 

Ravindran AV, Bialik RJ, Lapierre YD Primary early onset dysthymia, biochemical correlates of the therapeutic response to fluoxetine, 11 urinary metabolites of serotonin, norepinephrine and melatonin. J Affect Disord 31 119-123, 1994d Razani J, White KL, White J, et al The safety and efficacy of combined amitryptiline and tranylcypromine antidepressant treatment—a controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40 657-661, 1983... 

Ramelteon is a hypnotic with melatonin receptor agonist activity targeting melatonin MTj and MT2 receptors. It has not been proven to induce dependence. As with zolpidem and zaleplon, no known anxiolytic properties have been elicited. No appreciable activity on serotonin, dopamine, GABA, or acetylcholine is present with the parent compound, but in vitro studies report that its primary metabolite M-II has weak 5-HT2g receptor agonist activity. 

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