Migraine chronic

Unlabeled Uses Treatment of chronic and classic migraine, chronic cluster headaches... 

The discovery of benzodiazepines is a story of serendipity and certainly one that is difficult to predictably reproduce as part of a drug discovery program. Regrettably (or fortuitously), this story of the benzodiazepines is not an isolated example. Valproic acid, an agent used to treat epilepsy, migraine, chronic pain, and bipolar affective disorder, was also discovered by accident. 

Tekle Haimanot R, Seraw B, Forsgren L, Ekbom K, Ekstedt J. Migraine, chronic tension-type headache, and cluster headache in an Ethiopian rural community. Cephalagia 1995 15 482-8. 

Indications Cold accumulation interior repletion. Stomach and intestinal spasms, pyelonephritis, kidney stones, gallstones, pancreatitis, intestinal colic, hernia pain, sciatica, intercostal neuralgia, migraines, chronic colitis, and chronic pelvic inflammation... 

The physiological functions of NO range from regulation of blood pressure, inhibition of blood platelet aggregation, wound-healing, neuronal signal transmission (brain and peripheral autonomous nerves) to inactivation of bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells. Toxic concentrations of NO are held to contribute to a number of diseases, e. g., septic shock, stroke, arthritis, migraine, chronic inflammations. 

ADP-ribosylation reactions such as DNA repair, calcium mobilization and deacetylation (Kirkland 2009). In addition, at pharmacological concentrations, niacin is an effective agent for the treatment of dislipidemias and atherosclerosis (Prousky et al. 2011). Furthermore, evidence exists that niacin ameliorates acute migraine, chronic tension-type headaches, depression and schizophrenia (Prousky et al. 2011). This chapter focuses on chemical and biochemical aspects of the vitamin. 

Prevalence rates for a variety of different types of pain have been described. The annual incidence of moderate-intensity back pain is 10% to 15% in the adult population with a point prevalence of 15% to 30%.3 Migraine affects more than 25 million Americans, and 90% of Americans report some other types of headaches (e.g., tension or sinus) each year.4 Pain resulting from fibromyalgia affects 4 million Americans.5 Cancer is commonly associated with both acute and chronic pain, and about 70% of those diagnosed with cancer will experience significant pain.6... 

Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common primary headache disorder. It is often underrepresented in clinical practice, as many patients do not present for care.6 The term tension-type headache is used to describe all headache syndromes in which muscle contraction is the most significant factor in the pathogenesis of pain. The 1-year prevalence of TTH in the population ranges from 30% to 90%.6 It is more common in adult females. Environmental factors, as opposed to genetic predisposition, play a more central role in their development. Tension-type headaches can be further divided into episodic or chronic the mean frequency of attacks is 3 days per month in episodic disorders, and chronic TTH is defined as 15 or more attacks in a 1-month period.7 The estimated prevalence of chronic TTH is less than 5%.6 Some researchers believe that chronic TTHs represent a continuum of headache severity with migraine headache.8 When severe headaches are difficult to differentiate clinically, treatment should initially target TTH. 

Cluster headache disorders are the most uncommon and severe primary headache syndromes.9 The estimated point prevalence is less than 1%. Unlike migraine and TTH, cluster headaches occur more frequently in men. Onset commonly occurs prior to age 30.6 A genetic predisposition seems apparent, although affected individuals often provide a history of tobacco use and alcohol abuse.6 Attacks consist of debilitating, unilateral head pains that occur in series lasting up to months at a time, but that remit over months to years between occurrences. In rare instances, cluster headache can be a chronic disorder without remissions.4... 

Features of central sensitization are pain in response to normally innocuous tactile stimuli, and the spread of pain sensitivity beyond the site of tissue injury. Central sensitization plays a major role in acute post-traumatic pain, and also in migraine, neuropathic pain (see below) and some diffuse chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome. In these conditions, which have no detectable peripheral trigger, an autonomous central sensitization may be the pathology, increasing the gain in neuronal activity in the CNS and thereby producing abnormal responses to normal inputs. 

A direct reaction of activation is exemplified by the NK receptor antagonist L-754,030 (9.78) developed as an i.v. drug against emesis, migraine, and chronic pain. Because the compound has a low water solubility unfavorable for i.v. administration, a phosphoramidate prodrug (9.77) has been examined [152], This compound hydrolyzed rapidly under acidic conditions. More importantly, it was rapidly converted to L-754,030 in rat blood but was... 

Histamine Hr Human cDNA Allergy inflammation, asthma, chronic sinusitis, rhinitis, epilepsy migraine, motion sickness, pain, cancer Smooth muscle contraction, increase in vascular permeability stimulation of hormone release (adrenal medulla), increase in neuronal firing... 

A contact dermatitis occurs infrequently. Because feverfew also inhibits human blood platelet aggregation, interactions are possible with antithrombotic medications such as aspirin or warfarin (Groenewegen and Heptinstall 1990). Abrupt discontinuation of feverfew by people taking it chronically for treatment of migraine can produce rebound withdrawal symptoms. These consist of migraines, anxiety, poor sleep patterns, and stiffness of the muscles and joints. 

The role of caffeine in migraine headaches is due to its vasoconstrictor effects. Caffeine is used in combination with ergotamine for migraine (Sawynok 1995 Sargent et al. 1988). However, discontinuation or missing a dose of caffeine after chronic use can precipitate headaches (Fennelly et al. 1991 Couturier etal. 1992). 

Nasal spray-Start with 1 spray (0.5 mg) in each nostril repeat in 15 minutes for a total dosage of 4 sprays (2 mg). Studies have shown no additional benefit from acute doses greater than 2 mg for a single migraine administration. The safety of doses greater than 3 mg in a 24-hour period and 4 mg in a 7-day period has not been established. Do not use for chronic daily administration. 

Antiepileptic drugs as a class have been widely smdied and prescribed for the relief of acute and chronic pain. In general, there is the greatest support for the efficacy of antiepileptics in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy and for migraine prophylaxis. 

Parthenolide inhibits serotonin release, an action that is thought to be a likely source of its effectiveness in migraine. Extracts have also been shown to reduce the production of prostaglandins (another possible mechanism) and leukotrienes. Interestingly, melatonin has been identified in feverfew, a possibly significant observation, since chronic migraines have been associated with low melatonin levels. 

Unlabeled Uses Treatment of bipolar disorder, chronic pain, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, essential tremor, hot flashes, hyperhidrosis, migraines, psychiatric disorders (social phobia)... 

Acute or chronic rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, migraine pain, gouty arthritis PO... 

Unlabeled Uses Systemic-. Treatment of anxiefy, cardiac arrhyfhmias, chronic angina pecforis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, migraine, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis, tremors... 

One of the first controversies regarding the treatment with CMl of patients with OCD was whether the patients benefited from the drug s antidepressant effect or whether the improvement was actually the result of an antiobsessive effect. In an early study, Marks et al. (1980) reported on the efficacy of CMl in depressed patients with OCD. However, subsequent reports demonstrated that the antiobsessive efficacy of CMl is independent of its antidepressant activity (Ananth et al. 1981 Flament et al. 1985 Insel et al. 1982a Mavissakalian et al. 1985 S. A. Montgomery 1980 Thoren et al. 1980 Volavka et al. 1985 Zohar and Insel 1987). Depression is not a prerequisite for an antiobsessional response to CMl. In this regard, OCD resembles other nonaffective disorders, such as panic disorder, bulimia, enuresis, migraine, and chronic pain syndrome, in which antidepressants are effective in the absence of depression (D. L. Murphy et al. 1985). 

The barbiturate butalbital is sold in combination with aspirin or acetaminophen (Fiorinal or Fioricet , respectively) for treatment of migraine and chronic tension headaches. When providing a urine sample, consumption of either of these drugs must be mentioned. 

Tricyclic antidepressants have efficacy in other disorders besides depression. They are useful in the management of chronic pain syndromes, neuralgias, migraine headaches and sleep disorders. 

Wu Zhu Yu is very pungent, bitter and hot, and enters the Liver, Spleen and Kidney meridians. It can warm the meridian, descend the Liver-Qi and treat ascending of the Liver-Qi due to excess cold in the Liver meridian. The indication is headache, particularly on the top of the head. In addition, Wu Zhu Yu can spread the Liver-Qi and can be used when the Liver-Qi attacks the Stomach, which manifests as cramping pain with a cold sensation in the Stomach and in the lateral sides of the lower abdomen, vomiting of clear fluid, and a wiry and slow pulse. This pattern can be found in disorders such as migraine, hypertension, peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis and dysmenorrhea. 

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