Sensors and detection

The above four requirements vary somehow with the type of flowthrough sensor and detection system used. There are other, specific requisites, discussion of which is beyond the scope of this introductory chapter. A more detailed description of the optimal operational conditions for flow-through sensors is provided in subsequent chapters. 

Many organizers of virtual congresses in analytical chemistry further divided and defined the five subareas. In molecular and surface imaging, microfluidics and miniaturization, and sensors and detection, 63 to 66 percent of the speakers were U.S. scientists. In single-cell analysis, where only U.S. organizers responded, 76 percent of the speakers nominated were from the United States. In proteomics, where the majority of responding organizers were non-U.S., 47 percent of the speakers proposed were U.S. scientists. From these results it appears that U.S. scientists make up at least half of the leaders in these fields of analytical chemistry. 

The first air-quality sensors for cars used a Japanese sensor element in which a sensitive tin-oxide material was layered onto a ceramic carrier. This sensor matches very well the requirements for a sensor for controlling air quality in petrol-driven vehicles. In 1986 the first generation was completed it used an Sn02 sensor and detected more than 85% of exhaust gases. However, diesel engines also produce nitrogen oxides, which can not be detected by tin-oxide sensors. 

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