Semipalatinsk

Kabata-Pendias A (2002) A current issue of biogeochemistry of trace elements. Heavy metals, radionuclides and elements -biophytes in the environment. Semipalatinsk, 34 1 Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H (1984) Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Kai Y, Matsumura H, Izui K (2003) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase three-dimensional structure and molecular mechanisms. Arch Biochem Biophys 414 170-179 Kaim W, Schwederski B (1993) Bioanorganische Chemie. Teubner, Stuttgart... 

Mouton J, Khamitzhanova G, Kudaibergenov S, Geckeler KE (2002) Proceedings of the international monitoring conference on development of rehabilitation methodology of the environment of the Semipalatinsk region polluted by nuclear tests. Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, 21-24 September 2002, p 25... 

Figure 10.8 shows the difference between compaction caused by spalling and cratering by subsidence. At the Pacific Test Center, the depth of the explosion is chosen so that the vertical extension of the collapse of rocks above the cavity is contained within the volcanic layers. The subsidence observed at the surface is caused by the compaction of superficial rocks under the effect of the fallback of the spall layer. At the Nevada Test Site (United States), in the desert at Lop Nor (China), and at Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan), the tests are carried out closer to the surface, and the full thickness of the rocks located above a test is affected by the collapse of the cavity roof. At the surface a cone-shaped depression with very steep sides is observed. 

Fig. 10.16. Semipalatinsk nuclear test site Polygon , area = 18,000 km ...

Algazin, A.I., Kalyado, V.B., Shoikhet, Ya.N., Demin, V.F., Zakharchenko, I.E., Ilyin, L.A., Kiselyov, V.I. and Zaitsev, E.V., Assessment of radiological consequences of the nuclear weapon tests on the Semipalatinsk test site for population of Altai region. IAEA-SM-339/46P, page 171, Vienna, Austria,... 

Shapiro, C.S., Kiselev, V.I. and Zaitsev, E.V. (eds.). Nuclear Tests Long-term Consequences in the Semipalatinsk/Altai Region. NATO ASI Series 2, Environment 36. Proc. Workshop, Barnaul, Russia, Sep. 1994. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998, 193 pp. 

Shell, P. and Hutter, A.R., Environmental radiation measurements at the former Soviet Union s Semipalatinsk nuclear test site and surrounding villages. Environmental Measurements Laboratory, New York, Report 1995. 

Shoihet, Ya.N. et al.. Radiation impact of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site on the population of the Altai region in the Russian Federation. IAEA-SM-339/82, p. 39, Vienna, Austria, 1996. 

Stegnar, P. and Wrixon, T., Semipalatinsk revisited. IAEA Bulletin, 40 (1998) 12. 

The Baikal-1 nuclear rocket test facility in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, is reported to have constructed in the 1970s three large underground tanks for LH2 storage with an estimated 18 m in diameter. In 1982, one of the tanks developed a leak and became unusable [53]. 

An impulse graphite reactor IGR (O Fig. 59.10) with a central channel to test fuel assemblies at the NPP transient operation modes and a research reactor IVG-1 (O Fig. 59.11) to test full-scale fuel assemblies (FA) of nuclear rocket engines of 3 x 10 -4 x 10 N and higher thrust were built at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. Further, an experimental NPP model of a low thrust was mounted at the same site. 

Yamamoto M, Tsumura A, Katayama Y, Tsukatami T (1996) Plutonium isotopic composition in soil from the former semipalatinsk nuclear test site. Radiochim Acta 72 209-215 Burger M (2002) UNEP DU Post-Conflict Assessment 2001 Serbia/Montenegro. Report of the Swiss Team. Spiez Laboratory Report with 1 annex, Switzerland... 

Kirushin. A.I., et al.. Enhanced Safety Nuclear Power Units with BMN-170 Fast Modular Reactor, Scientific-Technical Conf. Nuclear Power in the Republic of Kazkhstan Concept of Development, Substantiation, Safety , Semipalatinsk, Sept., 1993. 

Fifty Years of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Semipalatinsk, Kazakstan Juxtaposed Worlds of Blasts and Silences, Security and Risks, Denials and Memory... 

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the environmental consequences in the major region of Soviet nuclear testing during the Cold War. The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (or SNTS), or Nuclear Polygon in northeast Kazakhstan, was the site of nearly 500 tests from 1949 to 1989. It comprises about a 6,950 mi (18,000 km ) of land in the steppes. The first Soviet test was an atmospheric test conducted on 29 August 1949 the magnitude was 22 kT, nearly the same yield as the first conducted by the U.S. (19 kT). 

I begin by looking at the nuclear tests conducted during the Cold War by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Next I discuss the selection of Semipalatinsk as a test site and the number of tests conducted. The next several topics focus on the impacts of the tests, especially the early warnings by some Soviet scientists of potential health... 

Fifty Years of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Semipalatinsk, Kazakstan... 

Fig. 101.1 Location of Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, the nuclear test site, detonation sites, and communities adjacent. (Cartography by Dick Gilbreath)...

The number of tests conducted varies by source. Cochran et al. (1989), states there were 467 explosions Stevenson (2004 27) notes there were 607 nuclear devices. Boztayev (1998), who was mayor of Semipalatinsk, reported there were 509 and one additional blast in 1995. Bulatov (1996) identified 470 explosions. See Skholnik (2002) for a discussion of these issues and also Werner and Purvis-Roberts (2007 296). Some sources counted the number of explosions, while others only the number of tests. According to the Ministry of Atomic Energy and the Ministry of Defense of Russia there were 463 explosions plus 1 in 1995 test (an exploded ordinance) (Boztayev (1998 16-42). I used this source as it listed the number of a test, the date, and the kilotons. 

There is little doubt that people living in the Semipalatinsk Testing Site region suffer from a range of adverse health effects, including high rates of infectious disease, cancer, and... 

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