Semi-Pilot-Plant Production

The silver nitrate solution was transferred to the kettle, followed immedi- 

When the total hold time at 75°C reached 30 min, the steam flow was in-increased raising the kettle temperature to 97°C within 10 min. Over the next 60 min the temperature in the kettle was raised to 99°C (BP water at 1000 ft above sea level), indicating that virtually all the ammonia had boiled off. The makeup water was stopped (3.5 liters had been added), and immediately thereafter cold water was circulated through the jacket. During the cooling period, 50 ml of the 3 N acetic acid was introduced into the kettle. After 10 min the 

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Brown, W. E., and W. H. Peterson Factors affecting production of penicillin in semi-pilot plant equipment. Ind. Eng. Chem. 42, 1769 (1950). 

The most difficult feature of this method is that for each type of plant or plant product as well as for each type of equipment there is a break-point where the 0.6 no longer correlates the change in capacity. For small equipment or plants in reasonable pilot or semi-works size, the slope of the cost curve increases and the cost ratio is greater than 0.6, sometimes 0.75, 0.8 or 0.9. From several cost values for respective capacities a log-log plot of capacity versus cost will indicate the proper exponent by the slope of the resultant curve. Extrapolation beyond eight or ten fold is usually not too accurate. 

Fluidized bed granulation monitoring of a fertilizer product (urea) in a semi-industrial pilot plant (SIPP), illustrating the main features and benefits. 

Experimental work to date confirms that the MTO process, which is an extension of fluid-bed MTG technology, has been scaled up successfully in a 4 BPD fluid-bed pilot plant at Mobil s Paulsboro Laboratory. Product yields and catalyst performance were nearly identical to those of bench top microunits. The process is currently being demonstrated in the 100 BPD fluid-bed semi-works plant in Germany. The plant was started up February, 1985 after completing modifications required to enable extended operation at MTO conditions. 

The market development function is essential because many plastics are so new and different that they must be introduced carefully (1) it must be demonstrated that you have a product with performance and consistency, verified by commercial evaluations (2) consistent processability must be demonstrated (3) initial availability is probably limited by pilot plant or semi-works capacities and (4) the end users must be sold on the performance of a product and specific applications developed. 

A SHE Review will be held when requested as a result of a department PHA or agreed necessary by others such as department supervision, Research Engineering or Health and Safety, Corporate Engineering or Health and Safety, etc. In addition, there are procedures established by Pilot Plants, Corporate Departments, and in the manufacturing sites that require formal Safety Reviews for new facilities and before research processes are scaled-up in the Semi-Works, Preps Lab, Pilot Plant or go to plant production. 

The simplicity of the batch and semi-batch reactors allows us to respond quickly to evolving market opportunities. As soon as we have successfully determined the reaction or process conditions in a laboratory batch or semi-batch reactor and established the heat transfer requirements of the reaction or process, we can move to pilot plant-sized or commercial-sized equipment. If the heat transfer requirements are met by currently available equipment, then we can quickly produce product for market sampling. Such rapid response is important in today s global... 

As a result of the work described above a decision was taken in 1966 to scale up the polyether synthesis and semi-technical and pilot plant scale units were built on the Plastics Division Headquarters site at Welwyn Garden City. This was not done without considerable reservations, but the decision to concentrate this development at Welwyn enabled the research team to dominate technological development of the process to monomers and polymers in a way that would not have been possible on a production site. 

In 2007, Metabolix and the Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) started their joint venture, Telles, and built a 50,000 tonne plant at Clinton, Iowa, USA to produce Metabolix s PHA commercialised under the Mirel trademark [35]. The plant started its production in 2008. However, due to the limited market, ADM announced the end of its commercial alliance with Metabolix on 8 February 2012. As a result of this decision, Telles dissolved and Mirel production on behalf of Telles stopped [36]. At present, the main companies involved in PHA production on a pilot or (semi)industrial scale include Metabolix (USA), Meredian (USA), Kaneka (Japan), Tianan (China), PHB Industrial/Copersucar (Brazil), Biomatera (Canada), Biomar (Germany), Bio-On (Italy), PolyFerm Canada (Canada), Tianjin and DSM (China), and Tianzhu (China). 

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