Semi-destructive

Until recently, there was no systematic survey, documentation, and chemical and physical analyses of western Mediterranean obsidian sources. Recently, Tykot completed an extensive survey and documentation of western Mediterranean obsidian sources on the islands of Sardinia, Palmarola, Lipari, and Pantelleria (24-27) for a more detailed discussion. Samples from these sources were analyzed at MURR by INAA and/or XRF and LA-ICP-MS. As expected, INAA (and XRF and LA-ICP-MS) of geologic samples from these sources demonstrated that obsidian from each island had a unique chemical signature(s). In the case of Sardinia, six compositional groups were identified. Because of the analytical cost and semi-destructive nature of INAA, artifacts were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS rather than INAA. XRF would have provided a viable analytical alternative, but many of the artifacts were smaller than the minimum size required for this analysis on a standard laboratory-based stationary XRF instrument... 

Nondestructive technologies Semi-destructive technologies Destructive technologies... 

Semi-destructive methods are used primarily for samples with a complicated shape. The method consists of drilling small holes at selected locations in the article. 

On the other hand, some opportunities in comparison to the assembly, for example, can be exploited. Thus, with disassembly, only specific fractions have to be generated. This means that not aU connections have to be released, and (semi)destructive technology is applicable for increasing efficiency. 

A Semi-quantitative Approach Erosion and Deposition. Over the centuries the primary impact of human activity has been to deforest the surrounding countryside and increase the rate of erosion and deposition into rivers. This results primarily from the destruction of vegetation cover which stabilizes soil systems on gradient. The ecological impact of erosion has at present reached catastrophic proportions. The magnitude of continental erosion into rivers is illustrated in Figure 3. 

This method was developed by Johnston et al. in 1991 and well described in Ref. [10], according to which the method is introduced as follows. The principle of optical interference is shown schematically in Fig. 1. A coating of transparent solid, typically silica, of known thickness, is deposited on top of the semi-reflecting layer. This solid thus permanently augments the thickness of any oil film present and is known as a "spacer layer. The destructive interference now obeys the equation ... 

As opposed to conventional analytical techniques, optical sensors and biosensors, particularly those employing absorption and fluorescence-based sensing materials potentially allow for measurement through transparent or semi-transparent materials in a non-destructive fashion4, 5> 9 10. Chemical sensor technology has developed rapidly over the past years and a number of systems for food applications have been introduced and evaluated with foods. 

Spectroscopic ellipsometry is a non-destructive, interface sensitive, in situ technique for interface characterization. Time resolved ellipsometric spectroscopy was used to determine the mechanism of electrochemical deposition of photoresists on copper electrodes under potentiostatic, anodic conditions. Nucleation of photoresist deposition occurs randomly. During the early stages of nucleation the semi-spherical particles are separated by about 100 A. The deposits tend to grow like "pillars" up to 50 A. Further growth of the "pillars" lead to coalescence of the photopolymer deposits. 

Limited data is available on the concentration of volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from gasification processes. The data that is available indicate that VOCs, SVOCs, and PAHs are either non-detectable in flue gas streams from IGCC process or, in some cases where they were detected, they are at extremely low levels (on the order of parts per billion and lower). The analysis of syngas also indicates greater than 99.99 percent chlorobenzene and hexachlo-robenzene destruction and removal efficiencies and part per billion or less concentration of selected PAHs and VOCs.9-14... 

This leads to an efficient and non-destructive in situ etch rate measurement technique which does not require any prior knowledge of film properties. The analysis can also be used to semi-quantitatively gauge the degree of "roughening" imparted to a polymer film surface during RIE processing. 

Generally, although not exclusively, a scrubber with a recycle loop of the caustic scrubbing liquor is used cases of once-through scrubbing liquor operation do exist. The scrubber may be operated in batch, semi-batch or continuous mode with respect to the liquid. Process hazards exist in batch and continuous mode, the most significant of which is over-chlorination. Batch-wise operations leads to periodic high loads on the hypochlorite destruction unit. In order to even out these loads, and improve the process safety, a study of alternative treatment options has been undertaken. 

As noted above, batch and semi-batch-based operations result in periodic high loads and subsequent over-design and increased capital cost. By destroying the hypochlorite in situ, within the scrubber recycle loop, the end of cycle concentration can be reduced and the load on the end-of-pipe hypochlorite destruction system lowered allowing an overall cost reduction. The reduced free chlorine concentration also leads to improved process safety, although increased heat removal is required. 

Destruction. Fixed or semi-fixed ammunition rarely deteriorates to such an extent that it must be destroyed rather than salvaged or renovated. It may be necessary, however, to destroy loaded shells, such as those which are fuzed and too dangerous to unload. In this case, instructions given under "Separate Loaded Shell, Destruction should be followed... 

Good potential to provide monitoring of propellant condition at selected points on surface semi-non-destructive... 

With the successful development and commercial manufacture of semi-synthetic Taxol , tile destruction of the Pacific yew tree forests was halted. However, this successful move away from an essentially non-renewable source (extraction of the Pacific yew tree bark) to a renewable source (harvested European yew tree leaves and twigs to obtain 10-DAB, followed by syntliettc transformation to Taxol ) still presented significant environmental challenges. The use of 13 different solvents. 

Indeed, the maximum time t up to which the quantum packet can propagate before its destruction depends on how far one is in semi-classical regions and scales in different ways depending on the nature of the corresponding classical motion. More precisely, we expect t (1 /h)a for dynamically stable systems and t In h for classically chaotic systems. 

The experimental methods used to measure residual stresses are essentially the same for metals and polymers. The most widespread are mechanical methods, which can be destructive, non-destructive, and semi-destructive146. Destructive methods involve cutting off part of a sample the residual part reacts to this procedure by deformations or displacements proportional to the inherent stresses. This approach is based on the Saint-Venant principle the response in the residual part does not depend on the stress distribution in the cut part of a sample. After measuring the distribution of deformations, residual stresses in the initial sample can be calculated. 

Pitch the nonvolatile, brown to black, semi-solid to solid viscous product from the destructive distillation (q.v.) of many bituminous or other organic materials, especially coal has also been incorrectly applied to residua from petroleum processes where thermal decomposition may not have occurred. 

Maleic anhydride decomposes exothermically, evolving carbon dioxide, in the presence of alkali- or alkaline earth-metal or ammonium ions, dimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine or quinoline, at temperatures above 150°C [1], Sodium ions and pyridine are particularly effective, even at concentrations below 0.1%, and decomposition is rapid [2], An industrial incident involved gas-rupture of a large insulated tank of semi-solid maleic anhydride which had been contaminated with sodium hydroxide. Use of additives to reduce the sensitivity of the anhydride has been described [3], Accidental transfer of an aqueous solution of sodium 2-benzothiazolethiolate into a bulk storage tank of the anhydride led to eventual explosive destruction of the tank [4],... 

These simple semi-synthetic procedures have been extensively used in the preparation of new allocolchicinoids for biological screening purposes [11], Recently, these molecules found a new interest when it was shown by scientists at Angiogene Pharmaceuticals that A/-acetylcolchinol phosphate 35, termed ZD6126, is a prodrug of jV-acetylcolchinol 31 which causes the selective destruction of tumour vasculature [74], This compound, obtained semi-synthetically from colchicine, is currently under phase I clinical trials. Another patent from Brandeis University described methyl ketone 36 as a reversible inhibitor of tubulin polymerization (in contrast to colchicine), with 100-fold cytotoxicity compared to colchicine toward a number of cell lines [75]. 

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