Self-formation

The effect of IPA addition to the KOH solution on the self-formation process was as follows. At low concentrations of KOH the addition of IPA makes distinct influence on type of the self-formed nanoplanes. At high concentrations of KOH (12-14 (mol/1)) the influence of the IPA is unessential (Table 1). 

A QD array structure enables electronic and optical interaction between neighboring QDs. Recently, exciton interactions between QDs have become desirable for certain novel devices [42]. In normal SK growth, the 3D islands are randomly deposited on a surface. However, the self-formation of arranged QDs can be achieved by modification of the underlying layers. In this section, the self-arrangement of vertical and in-plane InAs/GaAs QDs is described. 

P. Pachakapat, K. Yamaguchi, Self-Formation Control of Low-Density InAs Quantum-Dots. The 34th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (iscs2007), Kyoto, 15-18 Oct 2007, p. 172... 

The concept of a Standard ELectronic File (SELF) format has been developed in 1998-2002 by the Task Group on Standard Physico-Chemical Data Formats (lUCOSPED) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) and the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) in cooperation with the International Council of Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI). A data portal, called DataExplorer, implemented SELFs for a variety of physico-chemical. The structure of flie ELBT SELFs follows the general format of lUCOSPED SELFs. 

After selecting the numerical data file LBnnnn, choose the menu entry File command (Fig. 3.4) and select from flie dialog box (Fig. 3.20) the XML Fil ELDATA or XML Flle/SELF format. 

Nickel metal reacts only slowly with fluorine gas due to the self-formation of a thin protective passivating layer of nickel fluoride (NiF ). Therefore nickel and cupronickel alloys such as Monel 400 and K-500 are used extensively for handling fluorine gas, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and hydrofluoric add. Nickel is extensively used in coinage but is more important either as pure metal or in the form of alloys for its many domestic and industrial applications. 

Skryshevsky VA, Vorobey G, Jamois C, Munguia J, Lysenko V (2011) Drying induced self-formation of semi-ordered nano-porous silicon micro-hairs. Phys Status Solidi C8(6) 1805-1807... 

Nb-based catalysts are among the investigated systems in total removal of -butanol due to the capacity of niobium to adopt variable oxidation states. Thus, Nb-doped hierarchically micro(meso) macroporous Ti02 (anatase phase) (Figure 17.10) synthesized via a self-formation procedure showed close performances with catalysts in which the same materials served as supports for noble metals [46]. The efficiency of these catalytic systems in the total oxidation of butan-l-ol was enhanced by the improved diffusion through the intrinsic macro-porous network. An effect of the niobium content was evidenced as welL... 

One type of 3D systems is based on the guided self-formation of multicellular spheroids. Such spheroids have been used primarily with liver and renal cells. One example of the use of such cultures is the study of gliadin toxicity [Elli et al, 2003]. In addition, Goodwin et al. [2000] have constructed a 3D model for assessment of in vitro toxicity in Balaena mysticetus renal tissue. 

Self-Formation Phenomenon to Target Porous Hierarchy... 

Hierarchically porous metal oxide networks can be formed via a spontaneous self-formation phenomenon from metal alkoxides in aqueous solution [113]. Two chemical processes, hydrolysis and condensation, are involved in this spontaneous self-formation procedure to target hierarchically porous structures [114,115]. In fact, the hydrolysis and condensation rates are generally comparable for metal alkoxides [116]. The condensation rate is directly proportional to the rapid hydrolysis rate of reactive metal alkoxides [117,118]. It is well known that the rapid reaction rate of metal alkoxides plays the key role in the formation of hierarchically porous metal oxides [119,120]. The self-formation procedure to form hierarchically porous materials can be achieved by dropping liquid metal alkoxide precursors into an aqueous solution. In this section, the features of self-formation procediu-e and the resulting hierarchically porous materials are summarized. 

Very simple method An important benefit of this spontaneous self-formation procediu-e is its simplicity. Hierarchically porous materials can be obtained by just dropping the liquid metal alkoxide precursors into an aqueous solution, without any posttreatment such as calcination or solvent extraction to remove the exotemplate. Fiuthermore, the spontaneous self-formation pro-cediu-e generally takes place at room temperature in an open system. This feature allows the scaling up of this method, which is quite desirable in industry. 

Rapid reaction rate The self-formation procedure involving hydrolysis and condensation reactions is very fast, which can be completed in a very short time period. 

Wide range of mild synthesis conditions The spontaneous self-formation pro-cediu-e can take place under a wide range of synthesis conditions. Hierarchically porous materials can be synthesized by this simple method in pure water or aqueous acidic or alkaline solution, in the presence or absence of a siu actant or a cosolvent, and with or without hydrothermal treatment... 

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