Self-assembly of nanoparticles

In 2000, the first example of ELP diblock copolymers for reversible stimulus-responsive self-assembly of nanoparticles was reported and their potential use in controlled delivery and release was suggested [87]. Later, these type of diblock copolypeptides were also covalently crossUnked through disulfide bond formation after self-assembly into micellar nanoparticles. In addition, the encapsulation of l-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid, a hydrophobic fluorescent dye that fluoresces in hydrophobic enviromnent, was used to investigate the capacity of the micelle for hydrophobic drugs [88]. Fujita et al. replaced the hydrophilic ELP block by a polyaspartic acid chain (D ). They created a set of block copolymers with varying... 

Suematsu, N. J., Ogawa, Y., Yamamoto, Y. and Yamaguchi, T. (2007) Dewetting self-assembly of nanoparticles into hexagonal array of nanorings./. Colloid. Interface Sci., 310, 684-652. 

Fig. 9.17 Examples of self-assembly of nanoparticles by a) hydrophobic interactions via a shell of unfunctionalized n-alkanes. Depicted is a Schematic 2D Representation of the RS/ Au nanoparticle packing structure in the solid state. Domains or bundles of ordered al-kylthiolate chains on Au particles interdigitate into the chain domains of adjacent particles in order to compensate the free volume of the outer region of the alkyl shell (Reprinted with permission from [146] A. Badia, L. Cuc-cia, L. Demers, et al.,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 779, 2582-2592. Copyright 1997 American Chemical Society), b) Direct comparison of hydrophobic interactions and chemical bridg-...

Some of these projects are related to the development and functionalization of nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery, self-assembling of nanoparticles to achieve unique... 

Figure 6.1 General schematic representation of pol3mier-mediated assembly of nanoparticles (a) functionalization of nanoparticles through place-exchange method, (b) incorporation of complementary functional group to pol3miers, and (c) self-assembly of nanoparticles through electrostatic or hydrogen bonding interactions.

Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles Mediated by Polymers on the Planar Substrates... 

Self-assembly of nanoparticles in well-ordered 2-D arrays represents a major goal in the fabrication of microelectronics devices (Sun et al. 2002, 2003). Different strategies have been developed to tackle the challenge of well-organized nanoparticles in a 2-D plate surface (Andres et al. 1996 Spatz et al. 2000). Schmid and coworkers (2000) reported a long-range ordered sulfonic acid functionalized nanoparticle array... 

Polymer-mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles provides a versatile and effective approach for the fabrication of new materials. This bottom-up strategy builds up nanocomposite materials from diverse nanosized building blocks by incorporation of molecular-level recognition sites. The flexibility and reversibUity of self-assembly processes imparted by specific molecular interactions facilitates the formation of defect-free superstmctures, and it can be further explored in fields ranging from electronics to molecular biology. 

Boal AK, Ilhan F, DeRouchey JE, Thum-Albrecht T, Russell TP, RoteUo VM. Self-assembly of nanoparticles into structured spherical and network aggregates. Nature 2000 404 746-748. 

Boal AK, Gray M, llhan F, Clavier GM, Kapitzky L, Rotello VM. Bricks and mortar self-assembly of nanoparticles. Tetrahedron 2002 58 765-770. 

Finally, an area that will most likely see an explosive growth over the next few years is the self-assembly of nanoparticles covered with mesogenic and pro-mesogenic capping agents. A number of different approaches have been summarized in this review, and the formation of nematic, smectic-like, cubic, and columnar phases and/or superstructures have been demonstrated. Once more, the possibilities to produce such metamaterials using nanoparticles and liquid crystal motifs are endless, and future research will surely discover other, in part, more complex phase morphologies as well as uniquely tunable nanoscale properties as a result of liquid crystal phase formation. 

Li, M., Schnablegger, H. Mann, S. Coupled synthesis and self-assembly of nanoparticles to give structures with controlled organization. Nature (London) 402, 393—395 (1999). 

Study of self-assembly of nanoparticles (fluorescently tagged CPMV) at liquid-liquid interfaces... 

Chemically Directed Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle Structures on Surfaces... 

In this review, we describe the recent developments of chemically directed self-assembly of nanoparticle structures on surfaces. The first part focuses on the chemical interactions used to direct the assembly of nanoparticles on surfaces. The second part highlights a few major top-down patterning techniques employed in combination with chemical nanoparticle assembly in manufacturing two- or three-dimensional nanoparticle structures. The combination of top-down and bottom-up techniques is essential in the fabrication of nanoparticle structures of various kinds to accommodate the need for device applications. 

The introduction of SAMs on localized areas of a substrate allows straightforward further functionalization and directed assembly of nanoparticles. By using chemistry, specific binding can be introduced, allowing the control of nanoparticle assembly onto lithographic patterns. Wet-chemical self-assembly of nanoparticles is particularly attractive for the fabrication of nanoparticle-based nanostructures because of its compatibility with various kinds of substrates with complex shapes. In this section, conventional and nonconventional patterning techniques for the chemical assembly of nanoparticles will be highlighted. 

Roldughin, V.I. (2004) Self-assembly of nanoparticles at interfaces, Uspekhi Khimii (Russian Chemical Reviews) 73(2), 123-156. 

Self-assembly of nanoparticles in well-ordered 2D arrays represents a major goal in the fabrication of microelectronics devices. Different methods have been developed to tackle the 2D nanoparticle organization challenge. 

The hydrogen-bond mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles and polymers provides a versatile and effective method to control interparticle distances, assembly shapes, sizes, and anisotropic ordering of the resultant nanocomposites. This approach presents the bottom-up strategy to fabricate nanomaterials from molecular building blocks, which have great potential for assembling and integrating nanoscale materials and particles into advanced structures, systems, and devices. 

Fig. 15.7. Self-assembly of nanoparticles to patterns of binding sites, (a) The transfer DNA is modified with biotin, so that patterns of specific binding sites are created with SMCP. Fluorescent nanoparticles carrying streptavidin self-assemble to these patterns and form superstructures, (b) The formation of superstructures is observed online with TIRF microscopy, (c) The patterns of binding sites were created with different size and incubated with nanoparticles fluorescing at different wavelengths. Also, the scale bar is formed in this way. The pictures are standard deviations of TIRF microscopy image series recorded at 20 Hz...

Various Aspects of the Interfacial Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles... 

Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle/Block Copolymer Mixtures. 50... 

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